Bacterial Physiology and Biochemistry

CHAPTER 1. BACTERIAL PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY 1.1. The subject of the studies 1.2. Bacteria in the phylogeny of live organisms and their diversity of cell shapes 1.3. Bacterial evolution 1.4. Methods of studies of bacterial properties

CHAPTER 2. BACTERIAL CHEMICAL COMPOSITION AND FUNCTIONAL CELL STRUCTURES 2.1. Elemental composition 2.2. Compounds composition 2.3. Bacterial nucleus 2.4. Cytoplasm 2.5. Cytoplasmic membrane 2.6. Cell wall 2.7. Flagella, pilus and fimbria 2.8. Bacterial capsule 2.9. Endospores 2.10. Pigments

CHAPTER 3. BACTERIAL NUTRITION AND GROWTH 3.1. Basic sources of nutrition 3.2. Sources of carbon 3.3. Sources of nitrogen 3.4. Mineral nutrition 3.5. Growth factors 3.6. Sources of energy 3.7. Transport of compounds through cytoplasmic membrane 3.8. Passive transport 3.9. Active transport 3.10. Transport of iron and its regulation 3.11. Transport of proteins 3.12. Group translocation 3.13. Bacterial growth and multiplication 3.13.1. Growth under conditions of static cultivation 3.13.2. Growth constants 3.13.3. Deviations from normal growth curve 3.14. Multiplication of microorganisms under conditions of continual (dynamic) cultivation 3.15. Synchronous multiplication 3.16. Bacterial cell cycle

CHAPTER 4. THE PROCESSES OF CELL DIFFERENTIATION 4.1. Characteristics of the differentiation processes 4.2. Polar differentiation in species of Caulobacter genus 4.3. Differentiation of photosynthetic membranes in facultative phototrophic bacteria 4.4. Formation of heterocyst in cyanobacteria under deficit of bound nitrogen

CHAPTER 5. BACTERIAL METABOLISM 5.1. Energy of biochemical reactions 5.2. Carriers of hydrogen 5.3. The role of ATP and its formation in the bacterial cells 5.4. Types of phosphorylation 5.5. Processes of catabolism 5.5.1. Catabolism of carbon compounds and fermentation 5.5.1.1. Ethanol fermentation 5.5.1.2. Lactic acid fermentation 5.5.1.3. Pentose sugars fermentation 5.5.1.4. Propionic acid fermentation pathway 5.5.1.5. Butyric acid fermentation and solvent formation 5.5.1.6. Mixed acid fermentation pathway 5.5.1.7. Fermentation of sugars and polysaccharides 5.5.2. Anaerobic respiration 5.5.2.1. Nitrate reduction and denitrification 5.5.2.2. Sulfate reduction (desulfurization) 5.5.2.3. Carbon (IV) oxide reduction to methane 5.5.3. Aerobic respiration in chemolithotrophic bacteria 5.5.3.1. Oxidation of ammonia 5.5.3.2. Oxidation of reduced sulfur compounds 5.5.3.3. Oxidation of iron compounds 5.5.3.4. Oxidation of hydrogen 5.5.3.5. Oxidation of methane 5.5.4. Aerobic respiration in chemoorganotrophic bacteria 5.5.4.1. Incomplete oxidation of substrate. 5.5.4.2. Complete oxidation of substrate 5.5.4.3. Oxidation of saccharides and polysaccharides 5.5.4.4. Oxidation of lipids 5.5.4.5. Oxidation of hydrocarbons 5.5.5. Catabolism of nitrogenous compounds. 5.5.5.1. Dissimilation of proteins and amino acids 5.5.5.1.1. Anaerobic degradation (amino acid fermentation) 5.5.5.1.2. Aerobic (oxidative) catabolism of amino acids. 5.5.6. Catabolism of heterocyclic compounds 5.5.6.1. Fermentation of heterocyclic compounds 5.5.6.2. Oxidation of heterocyclic compounds 5.6. Processes of anabolism (biosynthesis) 5.6.1. Biosynthesis of saccharides 5.6.2. Biosynthesis of lipids 5.6.3. Consumption of CO2 by heterotrophic bacteria 5.6.4. Fixation of molecular nitrogen 5.6.5. Biosynthesis of amino acids 5.6.6. Biosynthesis of nucleotides 5.6.7. Biosynthesis of nucleic acids 5.6.8. Biosynthesis of proteins 5.7. Regulation of metabolism process 5.7.1. Regulation of enzymes synthesis. 5.7.2. Regulation of enzymatic activity 5.7.3. Specific of regulation mechanisms 5.7.4. Regulation of energetic metabolism 5.8. Metabolism of phototrophic bacteria 5.8.1. Photolithotrophic bacteria 5.8.2. Photoorganotrophic bacteria

CHAPTER 6. GROWTH OF MICROORGANISMS IN NATURE 6.1. Microorganisms as a part of the ecosystem 6.2. The physiological role of microorganisms in ecosystems 6.3. Intercellular and internally population interactions, the quorum-sensing regulation of gene expression 6.4. Luminescent bacteria and bioluminescence

CHAPTER 7. IMPACT OF ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS ON BACTERIAL CELLS 7.1. The effect of external factors on bacteria 7.2. Mechanisms of the effect of environmental factors 7.2.1. Physical factors 7.2.2. Chemical factors 7.2.3. Chemotherapeutics 7.3. Antibiotics and mechanisms of their effect 7.3.1. Antibiotics inhibiting cell wall synthesis 7.3.2. Antibiotics disturbing the function of the cytoplasmic membrane 7.3.3. Antibiotics disturbing the metabolism of nucleic acids 7.3.4. Antibiotics disturbing proteins synthesis 7.3.5. Antibiotics effecting phosphorylation process