Biochemistry LabFax

Contributors

Abbreviations


1. Buffers, Chelating Agents And Denaturants

Buffers

Introduction

Goods' Buffers

Preparation of Buffers

Counter Ions

Effects of Temperature and Concentration

Biological Compatibility and Chemical Reactivity

Preparation of Phosphate Buffers

Preparation of Acetate Buffers

Buffered Salines, Balanced Salts and Osmotic Supports

Chelating Agents

Denaturing Agents for Proteins

Mechanisms of Denaturing Agents

Mixing Denaturants

Characteristics of Denaturants and Precipitants

Thiol Reagents

Detergents

Properties of Acids, Bases, Salts and Organic Solvents

Amino Acids

Ammonium Sulfate Precipitation Chart for Proteins

References


2. Radioisotopes in Biochemistry

Definitions

Units of Radioactivity

Specific Activity

Electron Volt (eV, or MeV=106 eV)

Gray

Dose Equivalent Man (Sievert)

Radioisotopes Used in Biochemistry

Radioactive Decay Correction

Autoradiography

Scintillation Counting

Cerenkov Counting

Counting of Finely Dispersed or Solvent-Soluble Substances

Counting of Aqueous Samples

Gamma Counting

Use of Radioisotopes as Tracers

Radiological Protection

Shielding for β-Particles and γ-Rays

Methods for Decontaminating Laboratories

References

Further Reading


3. Chromatographic Fractional Media

Introduction

Media for Size Exclusion

Media for Ion-Exchange Separations

Media for Reversed-Phase Separations

Media for Affinity Chromatography

Manufacturers and Suppliers of Chromatography Column Support Materials

References

Further Reading


4. Electrophoresis of Proteins and Nucleic Acids

Proteins

Separations on Denaturing Gels

Separations on Non-Denaturing Gels

Separations of Proteins by Isoelectric Focusing

Two-Dimensional Gel Electrophoresis

Marker Proteins

Staining Protein Gels

Nucleic Acids

Gels for Separating Nucleic Acids and Nucleoproteins

Markers for Nucleic Acids

Staining Nucleic Acid Gels

Methods Manuals on Electrophoresis


5. General Centrifugation Data

Calculation of Centrifugal Force

Applications of Centrifuge Rotors

Calculation of k-Factors of Rotors and Pelleting Times

Derating Rotors for Use with Dense Solutions

Properties of Centrifuge Tubes and Bottles

Sterilization and Disinfection Procedures

Sterilization Techniques

Biological Disinfection

Equations Relating the Refractive Index to the Density of Solutions

Properties of Sucrose Solutions


6. Enzymology

Introduction

Enzyme Kinetics

Enzyme Kinetics of Single Substrate Reactions

Sigmoidal Kinetics and Allosteric Enzymes

Enzyme Kinetics of Bisubstrate Reactions

Enzyme Inhibitors

Reversible Inhibition

Irreversible Inhibition

Effects of pH on Enzymes

Coenzymes — Structure and Functions

Enzyme Assays

Handling and Storage of Enzymes and Coenzymes

References

Further Reading


7. Hydrolytic Enzymes

Introduction

Inhibition of Nucleases and Proteases

Deoxyribonucleases

Ribonucleases

Proteases

Carbohydrases

Naturally Occurring or Physiological Inhibitors

References


8. Characteristics of Selected Proteins

References


9. Glycoproteins and Protein Glycosyution

Introduction

Occurrence of Glycosylated Proteins in Nature

Range and Types of Glycosylated Proteins

Structural Features of Glycosylated Proteins

Linkage of Carbohydrate to Proteins

Oligosaccharide Structures

Enzymic Glycosylation — Synthesis of Sequence

Monosaccharide Transport, Interconversion and Activation

Glycosyltransferases

Εxamples of Functional Roles for Protein Glycosylation

References


10. Chemical and Post-Translational Modification of Proteins

Chemical Modification of Proteins

Enzyme-Catalyzed Covalent Modification Reactions

Introduction

Influence of Modification

Characteristics of Modification Reactions

Physiological Role of the Modification

Reversibility of Reactions

Summary

References


11. Nucleic Acids and their Components

Nucleosides and Nucleotides

Basic Structures

Nucleotides as Acids

Optical Density of Bases, Nucleosides and Nucleotides

Nucleotide-Derived Compounds

Selected Nucleotide Analogs

DNA of Selected Organisms

The Genetic Code

Abbreviations of Amino Acids

Assays for Nucleic Acids

References


12. Lipids

Introduction

Structure and Characteristics of Acyl Lipids

Fatty Acids

Neutral Acyl Lipids — Wax Esters, Acylglycerols and Glycerol Ethers

Glycerophospholipids

Glyceroglycolipids

Sphingolipids

Structure and Distribution of Terpenoid Constituents of Membranes

Sterols

Chlorophylls and Carotenoids

Composition and Distribution of Lipids in Membranes

Composition of Membrane Lipids

Fatty Acid Composition of Membrane Lipids

Structure and Properties of Bioactive Lipids

Eicosanoids

Platelet Activating Factor

Diacylglycerol

Steroid Hormones

Structure and Composition of Bile Acids and Bile Salts

Chemical Abstracts Registry Numbers of Lipids Cited

References


13. Carbohydrates and Sugars

Introduction

Structures and Characteristics of Monomeric Carbohydrates

Classification of Monosaccharides

Distribution and Properties of some Monosaccharides

Stereoisomerism

Oligosaccharides

Classification

Distribution and Properties

Structures and Characteristics of Polysaccharides

Classification

Plant Polysaccharides

Bacterial Polysaccharides

Animal Polysaccharides

DNA, RNA, Nucleosides and Nucleotides

Other Saccharide Derivatives

Further Reading


14. Safety and the Disposal of Toxic and Infectious Materials

Protection from Chemical Hazards

Risk and Safety Classification Systems

Disposal of Toxic and Infectious Materials

Disposal of Toxic Materials

Disposal of Biohazardous Materials

References


15. Sources of Further Biochemical Data

Reference Books

Databases

Nucleic Acid Sequence Databases

Contact Addresses


16. Atomic Weights and Mathematical Formulae

Atomic Weights

Mathematical Formulae

Lengths, Areas and Volumes in some Common Geometric Figures

Inter-Relations of Sides and Angles in a Plane Triangle

Trigonometrical Data

Mathematical Series

Mathematical Constants

Standard Equations

Differentials and Integrals

Index