Computer Organization and Design

Chapter sections in bold type are new to this edition Chapters and sections in italics are located on the CD Chapter One: Computer Abstractions and Technology1.1 Introduction 1.2 Below Your Program 1.3 Under the Covers 1.4 Real Stuff: Manufacturing Pentium 4 Chips 1.5 Fallacies and Pitfalls 1.6 Concluding Remarks 1.7 Historical Perspective and Further Reading 1.8 Exercises Computers in the Real World: Information Technology for the 4 Billion without IT Chapter Two: Instructions: Language of the Computer2.1 Introduction 2.2 Operations of the Computer Hardware 2.3 Operands of the Computer Hardware 2.4 Representing Instructions in the Computer 2.5 Logical Operations 2.6 Instructions for Making Decisions 2.7 Supporting Procedures in Computer Hardware 2.8 Communicating with People 2.9 MIPS Addressing for 32-bit Immediates and Addresses 2.10 Starting a Program 2.11 How Compilers Optimize 2.12 How Compilers Work: An Introduction 2.13 A C Sort Example to Put It All Together 2.14 Implementing an Object Oriented Language 2.15 Arrays versus Pointers 2.16 Real Stuff: IA-32 Instructions 2.17 Fallacies and Pitfalls 2.18 Concluding Remarks 2.19 Historical Perspective and Further Reading 2.20 Exercises Computers in the Real World: Saving our Environment with DataChapter Three: Arithmetic for Computers3.1 Introduction 3.2 Signed and Unsigned Numbers 3.3 Addition and Subtraction 3.4 Multiplication 3.5 Division 3.6 Floating Point 3.7 Real Stuff: Floating Point in the IA-32 3.8 Fallacies and Pitfalls 3.9 Concluding Remarks 3.10 Historical Perspective and Further Reading 3.11 Exercises Computers in the Real World: Reconstructing the Ancient WorldChapter Four: Assessing and Understanding Performance4.1 Introduction 4.2 CPU Performance and Its Factors 4.3 Evaluating Performance 4.4 Real Stuff: Two SPEC Benchmarks and the Performance of Recent Intel Processors 4.5 Fallacies and Pitfalls 4.6 Concluding Remarks 4.7 Historical Perspective and Further Reading 4.8 Exercises Computers in the Real World: Moving People Faster and More SafelyChapter Five: The Processor: Datapath and Control5.1 Introduction 5.2 Logic Design Conventions 5.3 Building a Datapath 5.4 A Simple Implementation Scheme 5.5 A Multicycle Implementation 5.7 Exceptions 5.8 Microprogramming: Simplifying Control Design 5.9 An Introduction to Digital Design Using a Hardware Design Language5.10 Real Stuff: The Organization of Recent Pentium Implementations 5.11 Fallacies and Pitfalls 5.12 Concluding Remarks 5.13 Historical Perspective and Further Reading 5.14 ExercisesComputers in the Real World: Empowering the Disabled Chapter Six: Enhancing Performance with Pipelining6.1 An Overview of Pipelining 6.2 A Pipelined Datapath 6.3 Pipelined Control 6.4 Data Hazards and Forwarding 6.5 Data Hazards and Stalls 6.6 Branch Hazards 6.7 Using a Hardware Description Language to Describe and Model a Pipeline 6.8 Exceptions 6.9 Advanced Pipelining: Extracting More Performance 6.10 Real Stuff: The Pentium 4 Pipeline 6.11 Fallacies and Pitfalls 6.12 Concluding Remarks 6.13 Historical Perspective and Further Reading 6.14 ExercisesComputers in the Real World: Mass Communications without Gatekeepers Chapter Seven: Large and Fast: Exploiting Memory Hierarchy7.1 Introduction 7.2 The Basics of Caches 7.3 Measuring and Improving Cache Performance 7.4 Virtual Memory 7.5 A Common Framework for Memory Hierarchies 7.6 Real Stuff: A Pentium P4 and the AMD Opteron Memory Hierarchies 7.7 Fallacies and Pitfalls 7.8 Concluding Remarks 7.9 Historical Perspective and Further Reading 7.10 ExercisesComputers in the Real World: Saving the World’s Art Treasures Chapter Eight: Storage, Networks, and Other Peripherals8.1 Introduction 8.2 Disk Storage and Dependability 8.3 Networks 8.4 Buses: Connecting I/O Devices to Processor and Memory 8.5 Interfacing I/O Devices to the Memory, Processor, and Operating System 8.6 I/O Performance Measures: Examples from Disk and File Systems 8.7 Designing an I/O System 8.8 Real Stuff: A Typical Desktop I/O System 8.9 Fallacies and Pitfalls 8.10 Concluding Remarks 8.11 Historical Perspective and Further Reading 8.12 ExercisesComputers in the Real World: Saving Lives Through Better DiagnosisAll of the folling material appears on the CDChapter Nine: Multiprocessors9.1 Introduction 9.2 Programming Multiprocessors 9.3 Multiprocessors Connected by a Single Bus 9.4 Multiprocessors Connected by a Network 9.5 Clusters 9.6 Network Topologies 9.7 Multiprocessors Inside a Chip and Multithreading 9.8 Real Stuff: The Google Cluster of PCs 9.9 Fallacies and Pitfalls 9.10 Concluding Remarks 9.11 Historical Perspective and Further Reading 9.12 Exercises Appendix A: Assemblers, Linkers, and the SPIM SimulatorA.1 Introduction A.2 Assemblers A.3 Linkers A.4 Loading A.5 Memory Usage A.6 Procedure Call Convention A.7 Exceptions and Interrupts A.8 Input and Output A.9 SPIM A.10 MIPS R2000 Assembly Language A.11 Concluding Remarks A.12 Exercises Appendix B: The Basics of Logic DesignB.1 Introduction B.2 Gates, Truth Tables, and Logic Equations B.3 Combinational Logic B.4 Clocks B.5 Memory Elements B.6 Finite State Machines B.7 Timing Methodologies B.8 Field Programmable DevicesB.9 Concluding Remarks B.10 Exercises Appendix C: Mapping Control to HardwareC.1 Introduction C.2 Implementing Combinational Control Units C.3 Implementing Finite State Machine Control C.4 Implementing the Next-State Function with a Sequencer C.5 Translating a Microprogram to Hardware C.6 Concluding Remarks C.7 Exercises Appendix D: A Survey of RISC Architectures for Desktop, Server, and Embedded ComputersD.1 Introduction D.2 Addressing Modes and Instruction Formats D.3 Instructions: The MIPS Core Subset D.4 Instructions: Multimedia Extensions of the Desktop/Server RISCs D.5 Instructions: Digital Signal-Processing Extensions of the Embedded RISCs D.6 Instructions: Common Extensions to MIPS Core D.7 Instructions Unique to MIPS64 D.8 Instructions Unique to Alpha D.9 Instructions Unique to SPARC v.9 D.10 Instructions Unique to PowerPC D.11 Instructions Unique to PA-RISC 2.0 D.12 Instructions Unique to ARM D.13 Instructions Unique to ThumbD.14 Instructions Unique to SuperH D.15 Instructions Unique to M32R D.16 Instructions Unique to MIPS16 D.17 Concluding Remarks D.18 Acknowledgements D.19 References