Detection of Subsurface Hazardous Waste Containers by Nondestructive Techniques

1. Introduction2. Conclusions3. Recommendations4. Possible NDT Methods Which Can Be Used To Help Solve Hazardous Materials Waste Problems 4.1 Microwaves (Pulsed) Ground Penetrating Radar (GPR) 4.2 Microwaves (Continuous) 4.3 Eddy Current (Metal Detection) 4.4 Magnetometer (MAG) 4.5 Seismic Reflection 4.6 Seismic Refraction 4.7 Electrical Resistivity 4.8 Penetrating Radiation 4.9 Acoustic Emission 4.10 Liquid Penetrant 4.11 Infrared Radiometry 4.12 Pulse-Echo Ultrasonics 4.13 Sonar 4.14 Electromagnetic Induction (EMI) 4.15 Induced Polarization 4.16 Self-Potential 4.17 Optical Techniques5. Details of Literature Searches on Each NDT Method 5.1 Microwave-Pulsed (Ground Penetrating Radar) 5.2 Microwave Continuous 5.3 Eddy Current (Metal Detector) 5.4 Magnetometer (MAG) 5.5 Seismic Reflection 5.6 Seismic Refraction 5.7 Electrical Resistivity 5.8 Penetrating Radiation 5.9 Acoustic Emission 5.10 Liquid Penetrant 5.11 Infrared Radiometry 5.12 Pulse-Echo Ultrasonics 5.13 Sonar 5.14 Electromagnetic Induction (EMI) 5.15 Induced Polarization 5.16 Self-Potential 5.17 Optical Techniques6. Experimental Evaluation of the Designated NDT Techniques At Various Field Sites 6.1 Evaluation of the NDT Techniques at a Dry Sandy Soil Site with Little Interference (ôBest Possibleö Site) 6.2 Evaluation of Four NDT Techniques at a Site with Saturated Silty Clay Soil 6.3 Evaluation of Four NDT Techniques with Containers Located Beneath Water Surfaces 6.4 Evaluation of the Four NDT Techniques in a Saline Sandy Soil 6.5 Evaluation of Four NDT Techniques at a Sandy Soil Site with Buried Plastics ContainersReferencesAppendix A û Unit Conversion ChartAppendix B û List of Reports Submitted in This ProjectAppendix C û Calculation of Soil Surface Temperature Distribution Due to Buried Objects at Slightly Elevated Temperature