Diffusion MRI

Contributors

Preface

Foreword

REFERENCES

Section 1: Introduction to Diffusion MRI

Chapter 1. Introduction to Diffusion MR

I What is Diffusion?

II Magnetic Resonance and Diffusion

III Diffusion in Neural Tissue

IV Concluding Remarks

Acknowledgments

References

Chapter 2. Pulse Sequences for Diffusion-weighted MRI

I MRI Pulse Sequence Primer

II Adding Diffusion Weighting to a Pulse Sequence

III Bulk Motion Sensitivity

IV Single-shot EPI (SS-EPI) Methods

V Parameter Optimization

VI Other DWI Pulse Sequences

References

Chapter 3. Gaussian Modeling of the Diffusion Signal

I Introduction

II Diffusion Basics

III Basic Modeling and Quantification

IV Data Acquisition Strategies

V Artifacts

References

Chapter 4. Multiple Fibers: Beyond the Diffusion Tensor

I Introduction

II Multiple fibers: what’s all the fuss about?

III Model-based approaches

IV Non-parametric algorithms

V Derived information

VI Applications and exploitation

VII Summary

Acknowledgments

Appendix A QBall Implementation

Appendix B Spherical Deconvolution Implementation

References

Section 2: Diffusion MRI for Quantitative Measurement

Chapter 5. White Matter Structure: A Microscopist’s View

I Introduction

II Cellular Components of the CNS White Matter

III Water Content of White Matter

IV Changes in White Matter Due to Abnormalities in Myelin

V The Ultrastructural Effects of Demyelination and Axonal Damage in Humans

VI Summary

Acknowledgments

References

CHAPTER 6. The Biological Basis of Diffusion Anisotropy

I UTILITY OF MICROSCOPIC WATER MOTION

II RELATIONSHIP OF WATER DIFFUSION ANISOTROPY TO TISSUE MICROSTRUCTURE

III ROLE OF THE APPARENT DIFFUSION COEFFICIENTS IN INTERPRETING ANISOTROPY

IV ISSUES RELATED TO DIFFUSION ANISOTROPY MEASUREMENTS IN TISSUE BY MRI

V SUMMARY

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

REFERENCES

Chapter 7. Inferring Microstructural Information of White Matter from Diffusion MRI

I The Morphological Features of White Matter

II Diffusion MRI and Tissue Microstructure

III Diffusion Tensor Imaging – A Tool for White Matter Microstructural Mapping

IV Diffusion Tensor Imaging – A Tool for White Matter Microstructural Mapping?

V Types of Diffusion Processes in the Tissue

VI Q-space Analysis

VII Models of Diffusion in White Matter

VIII Towards Virtual Biopsy of White Matter with Diffusion MRI

References

Chapter 8. Cross-subject Comparison of Local Diffusion MRI Parameters

I Introduction

II Cross-subject Registration (Image Alignment)

III VBM – Overview and Application to Diffusion Data

IV Problems of Interpretability in VBM-Style Analyses

V Region-of-Interest and Tractography-Based Strategies for Localizing Change

VI Tract-Based Spatial Statistics

VII Other Skeleton-Based Work

VIII Statistical Modeling, Thresholding, and Multivariate Approaches

IX Alternative Diffusion Measures to Test

X Interpretation Issues: Partial Volume Effects and Complex Tract Structure

XI Standard-Space Templates and Atlases

XII Empirical Studies of Gaussianity and Repeatability in Diffusion MRI Data

XIII Example Multi-Subject Studies: Schizophrenia and Multiple Sclerosis

XIV Conclusions

References

CHAPTER 9. Diffusion MRI in Neurological Disorders

I INTRODUCTION

II METHODOLOGICAL CONSIDERATIONS

III CLINICAL APPLICATIONS

IV CONCLUSIONS

REFERENCES

Chapter 10. DTI in Development and Aging

I Introduction

II Diffusion Metrics Utilized in the Study of Tissue Microstructure Across the Lifespan

III Diffusion in Development

IV Diffusion in Aging

V The Association Between DTI Metrics and Tissue Morphometry

VI Caveats to the Use of Diffusion Imaging in the Study of Aging and Development

VII Future Directions

Acknowledgments

References

Chapter 11. Individual Differences in White Matter Microstructure in the Healthy Brain

I Introduction

V Language

VII Conclusion

References

CHAPTER 12. Diffusion Tensor Imaging and Its Application to Schizophrenia and Related Disorders

I INTRODUCTION

II REVIEW OF DTI FINDINGS IN SCHIZOPHRENIA

III FUTURE DIRECTIONS, WHAT ARE WE MISSING, AND HOW CAN WE FILL IN THE GAPS?

REFERENCES

Section 3: Diffusion MRI for in vivo Neuroanatomy

Chapter 13. Classic and Contemporary Neural Tract Tracing Techniques

I Introduction

II A Brief Historical Perspective of the Development of Experimental Tract Tracing

III Contemporary Application of Experimental Tract Tracing in Non-Human Primates

C Specific Tract Tracing Techniques

1 Transneuronal Tracing Using Conventional Tracers

2 Viral Transneuronal Tracers

IV Conclusions

Suggested Technical References

References

Chapter 14. The Human Connectome: Linking Structure and Function in the Human Brain

I What is the Connectome?

II Modes of Brain Connectivity

III Defining Network Nodes of the Connectome

IV Graph Analysis of Brain Connectivity

V Mapping the Network of Structural Connections of the Human Brain

VI Relating Structural Connections to Functional Interactions

VII Brain Connectivity and Network Disease

VIII The Future Importance of the Connectome

Acknowledgments

References

Network Glossary

Chapter 15. MR Diffusion Tractography

I Introduction

II Streamline Tractography

III Probabilistic Tractography

IV Choice of Local Description of Diffusion in Tractography

V Designing a Diffusion Tractography Study

VI Future Advances in Diffusion Tractography

VII Summary and Conclusions

References

Chapter 16. Validation of Tractography

I Introduction

II Validation of Fiber Orientation Information

III Validation of Tractography

IV Summary

References

Chapter 17. Connectivity Fingerprinting of Gray Matter

I Introduction

II Subcortical GM

III Cortical Gray

IV Validation

V Conclusions

References

Chapter 18. The Connectional Anatomy of Language: Recent Contributions from Diffusion Tensor Tractography

I Introduction

II The Anatomy of the Arcuate Fasciculus: from Blunt Dissections to Tractography

III Lateralization of the Arcuate Fasciculus

IV Comparative Anatomy of Perisylvian Language Networks

V Beyond the Arcuate Fasciculus: the Ventral Pathway

VI Application of DTI Tractography to Language Disorders

VII Future Directions and Conclusions

Acknowledgments

References

Chapter 19. Tractography for Surgical Targeting

I Introduction

II Surgical Target and Intent

III Tractography Strategies for Surgical Purposes

IV Conclusions

Acknowledgments

References

Chapter 20. Comparing Brain Connections in Different Species using Diffusion Weighted Imaging

I Introduction

II Comparing DTI Tractography with Tract Tracing Techniques

III Using DTI-Tractography to Examine the Connections of Human Ventral Frontal Cortex

IV Language and the Arcuate Fascicle in Humans and other Primates

V DTI Suggests Basic Similarities in Frontal Lobe Organization in Man and other Primates

VI Premotor Cortex

VII Comparing the Parietal Cortex in Human and other Primates

VIII Conclusions

References

Chapter 21. Imaging Structure and Function

I Introduction

II Structural imaging and brain morphometry

III Combining sources of data

IV Imaging anatomo-functional networks

V Conclusions

References

Index