Fermentation and Biochemical Engineering Handbook

1. Fermentation Pilot Plant1.1 Microbial Fermentation1.2 Mammalian Cell Culture System1.3 Bioreactors for Plant Cell Tissue and Organ Cultures2. Fermentation Design2.1 Introduction2.2 Fermentation Department, Equipment and Space Requirements2.3 General Design Data2.4 Continuous Sterilizers2.5 Fermenter Cooling2.6 The Design of Large Fermenters (Based on Aeration)2.7 Trouble Shooting in a Fermentation Plant3. Nutritional Requirements in Fermentation Processes 3.1 Introduction3.2 Nutritional Requirements of the Cell3.3 The Carbon Source3.4 The Nitrogen and Sulfur Source3.5 The Source of Trace and Essential Elements3.6 The Vitamin Source and Other Growth Factors3.7 Physical and Ionic Requirements3.8 Media Development3.9 Effect of Nutrient Concentration on Growth Rate4. Statistical Methods for Fermentation Optimization 4.1 Introduction4.2 Traditional One-Variable-at-a-Time Method4.3 Evolutionary Optimization4.4 Response Surface Methodology4.5 Advantages of RSM4.6 Disadvantages of RSM4.7 Potential Difficulties with RSM4.8 Methods to Improve the RSM Model4.9 Summary5. Agitation5.1 Theory and Concepts5.2 Pumping Capacity and Fluid Shear Rates5.3 Mixers and Impellers5.4 Baffles5.5 Fluid Shear Rates5.6 Full-Scale Plant Design5.7 Full-Scale Process Example5.8 The Role of Cell Concentration Mass Transfer Rate5.9 Some Other Mass Transfer Considerations5.10 Design Problems in Biochemical Engineering5.11 Solution-Fermentation Problems6. Filtration 6.1 Introduction6.2 Cake Filtration6.3 Theory6.4 Particle Size Distribution6.5 Optimal Cake Thickness6.6 Filter Aid6.7 Filter Media6.8 Equipment Selection6.9 Continuous vs. Batch Filtration6.10 Rotary Vacuum Drum Filter6.11 Nutsches6.12 H_-Hybrid Filter Press6.13 Manufacturers7. Cross-Flow Filtration7.1 Introduction7.2 Cross-Flow vs. Dead End Filtration7.3 Comparison of Cross-Flow with Other Competing Technologies7.4 General Characteristics of Cross-Flow Filters7.5 Operating Configurations7.6 Process Design Aspects7.7 Applications Overview8. Solvent Extraction 8.1 Extraction Concepts8.2 Distribution Data8.3 Solvent Selection8.4 Calculation Procedures8.5 Drop Mechanics8.6 Types of Extraction Equipment8.7 Selection of Equipment8.8 Procedure Summary8.9 Additional Information9. Ion Exchange9.1 Introduction9.2 Theory9.3 Ion Exchange Materials and Their Properties9.4 Laboratory Evaluation of Resin9.5 Process Considerations9.6 Ion Exchange Operations9.7 Industrial Chromatographic Operations10. Evaporation 10.1 Introduction10.2 Evaporators and Evaporation Systems10.3 Liquid Characteristics10.4 Heat Transfer in Evaporators10.5 Evaporator Types10.6 Energy Considerations for Evaporation System Design10.7 Process Control Systems for Evaporators10.8 Evaporator Performance10.9 Heat Sensitive Products10.10 Installation of Evaporators10.11 Troubleshooting Evaporation Systems11. Crystallization11.1 Introduction11.2 Theory11.3 Crystallization Equipment11.4 Data Needed for Design11.5 Special Considerations for Fermentation Processes11.6 Method of Calculation11.7 Troubleshooting11.8 Summary11.9 American Manufacturers12. Centrifugation 12.1 Introduction12.2 Theory12.3 Equipment Selection12.4 Components of the Centrifuge12.5 Sedimentation Centrifuges12.6 Tubular-Bowl Centrifuges12.7 Continuous Decanter Centrifuges (with Conveyor)12.8 Disk Centrifuges12.9 Filtering Centrifuges vs. Sedimentation Centrifuge12.10 Filtering Centrifuges12.11 Vertical Basket Centrifuges12.12 Horizontal Peeler Centrifuges12.13 Inverting Filter Centrifuge12.14 Maintenance: Centrifuge12.15 Safety13. Water Systems for Pharmaceutical Facilities 13.1 Introduction13.2 Scope13.3 Source of Water13.4 Potable Water13.5 Water Pretreatment13.6 Multimedia Filtration13.7 Water Softening13.8 Activated Carbon13.9 Ultraviolet Purification13.10 Deionization13.11 Purified Water13.12 Reverse Osmosis13.13 Water for Injection13.14 Water System Documentation14. Sterile Formulations 14.1 Introduction14.2 Sterile Bulk Preparation14.3 Isolation of Sterile Bulk Product14.4 Crystallization14.5 Filtering/Drying14.6 Milling/Blending14.7 Bulk Freeze Drying14.8 Spray Drying14.9 Equipment Preparation14.10 Validation14.11 Filling Vials with Sterile Bulk Materials14.12 Environment14.13 Equipment List15. Environmental Concerns15.1 Environmental Regulations and Technology15.2 Laws, Regulations and Permits15.3 Technology (Waste Water)15.4 Waste Water Treatment Strategy15.5 Air (Emission of Concern)15.6 Selecting a Control Technology15.7 Volatile Organic Compound (VOC) Emissions Control15.8 Particulate Control15.9 Inorganics16. Instrumentation and Control Systems16.1 Introduction16.2 Measurement Technology16.3 Biosensors16.4 Cell Mass Measurement16.5 Chemical Composition16.6 Dissolved Oxygen16.7 Exhaust Gas Analysis16.8 Measurement of pH16.9 Water Purity16.10 Temperature16.11 Pressure16.12 Mass16.13 Mass Flow Rate16.14 Volumetric Flow Rate16.15 Broth Level16.16 Regulatory Control16.17 Dynamic Modeling16.18 Multivariable Control16.19 Artificial Intelligence16.20 Distributed Control17. Drying17.1 Indirect Drying17.2 Direct Drying18. Plant Design and Cost18.1 Introduction to the Capital Project Life Cycle18.2 Conceptual Phase18.3 Preliminary Design Phase18.4 Detail Design Phase18.5 Construction Phase18.6 Start-up Phase18.7 The Fast Track Concept18.8 The Impact of Validation18.9 Introduction to the Costing of a Capital Project18.10 Order of Magnitude Estimate18.11 Approval Grade Estimate18.12 Control Estimate18.13 Dynamics of an Estimate