Hormones and Breast Cancer

Former Editors

Contributors

Preface

Chapter One. Estrogen-Mediated Mechanisms to Control the Growth and Apoptosis of Breast Cancer Cells: A Translational Research Success Story

1 Introduction

2 Clinical Presentation of Breast Cancer

3 Targeted Therapy

4 Transition to Tamoxifen

5 Selective Estrogen Receptor Modulation

6 Acquired Drug Resistance and the Surprise of SERMs

7 Estrogen-Induced Apoptosis: Back to the Beginning

8 The Legacy of Tamoxifen

Acknowledgments

References

Chapter Two. The Epidemiology and Molecular Mechanisms Linking Obesity, Diabetes, and Cancer

1 Introduction

2 Type 2 Diabetes and Breast Cancer

3 The Role of Cholesterol in Cancer Growth

4 Obesity, Estrogen, and Breast Cancer

5 Current Medications for Type 2 Diabetes: Relationship to Breast Cancer

6 Conclusions and Future Directions

References

Chapter Three. Sex Hormone Receptors in Breast Cancer

1 Introduction

2 Historical Perspective

3 Receptor Structure and Function

4 ER Agonists and Antagonists

5 Molecular Mechanisms of Estrogen Signaling

6 Implications in Breast Cancer

7 Future Directions

References

Chapter Four. Modulation of Estrogen Receptor Alpha Activity and Expression During Breast Cancer Progression

1 Introduction

2 DNA Methylation

3 ERα Transcriptional Regulation by cis- and trans-Acting Elements

4 ERα Gene Mutations and Splice Variants

5 MicroRNA Deregulation

6 Cross Talk with Growth Factor Receptor Signaling

7 ER Posttranslational Modifications

8 Hypoxia

9 ER Coregulators

10 Breast Cancer Stem-Like Cells

11 Pioneer Factors and Endocrine-Resistant Specific Cistromes

12 Conclusions and Future Directions

Acknowledgments

References

Chapter Five. Targeting Progesterone Receptors in Breast Cancer

1 Introduction

2 Progestins and Breast Cancer Risk

3 Progestins Stimulating Breast Cancer Growth in Animal Models

4 In Vitro Studies

5 Progestins Inhibiting Breast Cancer Growth

6 The Systemic Effect of Progestins

7 PRs and Gene Expression

8 Regulation of PR Activity

9 PRs as Therapeutical Targets for Breast Cancer Treatment

Acknowledgments

References

Chapter Six. The Hyperplastic Phenotype in PR-A and PR-B Transgenic Mice: Lessons on the Role of Estrogen and Progesterone Receptors in the Mouse Mammary Gland and Breast Cancer

1 Introduction

2 Developmental Stages in the Mouse Mammary Gland

3 Spatiotemporal Expression of Estrogen and Progesterone Receptors in the Mouse Mammary Gland

4 The Generation of PR-A and PR-B Transgenic Mice

5 Breast Cancer and PRs

6 PRs and Mammary Stem Cells

7 Conclusion and Future Directions

Acknowledgments

References

Chapter Seven. FOXP1 and Estrogen Signaling in Breast Cancer

1 Introduction

2 FOXP1 and FOXA1 in ERα-Positive Breast Cancer Cells

3 Clinicopathological Significances of FOXP1 and FOXA1 in ER-Positive Breast Cancer

4 Conclusions and Future Directions

Acknowledgments

References

Chapter Eight. Role of KLF5 in Hormonal Signaling and Breast Cancer Development

1 Introduction

2 Progesterone—PR Signaling, KLF5, and Breast Cancer

3 Estrogen—ER Signaling and KLF5 in Breast Cancer

4 Androgen/AR Signaling, KLF5, and Breast Cancer

5 Summary and Perspectives

Acknowledgments

References

Chapter Nine. Dynamic Regulation of Steroid Hormone Receptor Transcriptional Activity by Reversible SUMOylation

1 Introduction

2 Mechanisms of Protein SUMOylation

3 SR SUMOylation/deSUMOylation

4 SR SUMOylation Modulates Transcriptional Action and Promoter Selectivity

5 Conclusions

References

Chapter Ten. Beta-Endorphin Neuron Regulates Stress Response and Innate Immunity to Prevent Breast Cancer Growth and Progression

1 Introduction

2 Neuroendocrine Response to Stress

3 Chronic Stress and Its Effect on Immune Functions

4 Neuroendocrine-Immune Pathway of Cancer

5 Beta-Endorphin Neurotransmission Reduces the Body’s Stress Response

6 Beta-Endorphin Neurotransmission Enhances Innate Immunity

7 Beta-Endorphin Cell Transplantation Effects on the Neuroendocrine-Immune Pathway of Cancer

8 Conclusions

References

Chapter Eleven. The Functional Role of Notch Signaling in Triple-Negative Breast Cancer

1 Background—Triple-Negative Breast Cancer and Notch

2 Notch—Breast Oncogenes

3 Notch in TNBC

4 Notch in Luminal Versus Basal-Like Breast Cancer

5 ER and Notch

6 PR and Notch

7 HER-2 and Notch

8 Prognostic Makers for Survival Associated with Notch in TNBC

9 Therapeutic Strategies in TNBC

References

Chapter Twelve. ADAM22 as a Prognostic and Therapeutic Drug Target in the Treatment of Endocrine-Resistant Breast Cancer

1 Introduction

2 ADAM Proteins in Breast Cancer

3 ADAM22 and Breast Cancer

4 A Functional Role for ADAM22

5 ADAMs as Therapeutic Targets

6 Conclusions

References

Chapter Thirteen. Alpha-Actinin 4 and Tumorigenesis of Breast Cancer

1 Introduction

2 Overview of ACTNs

3 The Function of ACTN4 in Breast Cancer

4 ACTN4 and Other Cancers

5 Conclusion and Future Direction

Acknowledgments

References

Chapter Fourteen. Adherence Rates and Correlates in Long-term Hormonal Therapy

1 Introduction

2 Nonadherence in Clinical Practice

3 Patient-Reported Barriers to Adherence to Adjuvant Hormonal Therapies

4 Interventions to Increase Adherence

5 Discussion

6 Conclusion

References

Index