Introduction to Volcanic Seismology
- 1st Edition - June 1, 2003
- Author: Vyacheslav M Zobin
- Language: English
Volcanic earthquakes represent the main and often the only instrument to forecast volcanic eruptions. This book is the first monograph about seismicity in volcanoes. It describes… Read more
Description
Description
Volcanic earthquakes represent the main and often the only instrument to forecast volcanic eruptions. This book is the first monograph about seismicity in volcanoes. It describes the main types of seismic signals in volcanoes, their nature and spatial and temporal distribution at different stages of eruptive activity.
The book begins with an introduction to the history of volcanic seismology, discusses the models developed for the study of the origin of volcanic earthquakes of both a volcano-tectonic and eruption nature. The next three chapters give case histories of seismic activity associated with 34 eruptions in 17 basaltic, andesitic and dacitic volcanoes throughout the world from 1910 to 1998. Chapters 8 to 10 describe the general regularities of volcano-tectonic earthquakes, their participation in the eruptive process, source properties, and the hazard of strong volcano-tectonic earthquakes. The following three chapters are devoted to the description of eruption earthquakes: volcanic tremor, seismic noise of pyroclastic flows, and explosion earthquakes, with a special discussion on their relationship to eruptive processes. The final two chapters discuss the mitigation of volcanic hazard, the methodology of seismic monitoring of volcanic activity, and experience with forecasting volcanic eruptions by seismic methods.
Table of contents
Table of contents
1. Introduction
1.1. Terms and definitions
1.1.1. Volcanic terms
1.1.2. Tectonic terms
1.1.3. Seismological terms
1.2. Subject of the book
1.3. Acknowledgements
2. Seismicity at Volcanoes
2.1. History of seismic monitoring of volcanic activity
2.2. Classification of volcanic earthquakes
2.3. Sequences of volcanic earthquakes
2.3.1. Sequences of volcano-tectonic earthquakes
2.3.2. Sequences of eruption earthquakes
3. Fundamentals of Volcanic Seismology
3.1. Magma flow within the volcanic conduit
3.1.1. Magma flow regimes
3.1.2. Modeling of magma flow regimes
3.2. Experimental studies of the volcanic processes and their applications for the seismic sources
3.2.1. Experimental grounds of the brittle fracturing in the rocks at high temperatures and high pressure
3.2.2. Experimental grounds of the origin of seismic signals during the magma ascending within the volcanic conduit
3.3. General description of the source of seismic signals at volcanoes
3.3.1. Equivalent force system acting in the earthquake source
3.3.2. Green’s functions
3.3.3. Single force
3.3.4. Seismic moment tensor
3.3.5. Waveform inversion
4. Origin of Volcano-tectonic Earthquakes
4.1. Migration of magma and its seismic potential
4.2. Volcanism and tectonics
4.3. Source nature of volcano-tectonic earthquakes
4.3.1. Waveform and spectra
4.3.2. Tensor representation of the source of volcano-tectonic earthquake
4.4. Models of volcano-tectonic earthquake sequences
5. Volcano-tectonic Earthquakes at Basaltic Volcanoes: Case Studies
5.1. Volcano-tectonic earthquakes associated with shield volcanoes
5.1.1. Kilauea volcano, Hawaii
5.2. Volcano-tectonic earthquakes associated with strato-volcanoes
5.2.1. Mount Etna, Sicily
5.2.1. Oshima volcano, Izu Islands
5.2.2. Klyuchevskoy volcano, Kamchatka
5.3. Volcano-tectonic earthquakes associated with fissure eruptions
5.3.1. New Tolbachik Volcanoes, Kamchatka
5.3.2. The 2005-2009 Ethiopia rifting episode
5.4. Volcano-tectonic earthquakes associated with caldera collapse
5.4.1. Fernandina volcano, Galápagos Islands
5.5. Volcano-tectonic earthquakes associated with submarine eruptions
5.5.1. Teishi-Knoll volcano, Izu Islands
5.5.2. Miyakejima volcano, Izu Islands
5.5.3. El Hierro volcano, Canary Islands
6. Volcano-tectonic Earthquakes at Andesitic Volcanoes: Case Studies
6.1. Volcano-tectonic earthquakes associated with volcanic “directed blasts”
6.1.1. Bezymianny volcano, Kamchatka
6.1.2. Sheveluch volcano, Kamchatka
6.2. Volcano-tectonic earthquakes associated with phreatic and phreato-magmatic explosions
6.2.1. El Chichón volcano, México
6.2.2. Volcán de Colima, México
6.2.3. Popocatépetl volcano, México
6.2.4. Soufriére Hills volcano, Montserrat
6.3. Volcano-tectonic earthquakes associated with lava extrusions
6.3.1. Volcán de Colima, México
6.3.2. La Soufrière volcano, St Vincent Island
6.4. Volcano-tectonic earthquakes associated with flank eruption
6.4.1. Sakurajima volcano, Kyushu
7. Volcano-tectonic Earthquakes at Dacitic Volcanoes: Case Studies
7.1. Volcano-tectonic earthquakes associated with summit eruptions
7.1.1. Mount St. Helens, Cascades
7.1.2. Usu volcano, Hokkaido
7.1.3. Unzen volcano, Kyushu
7.1.4. Pinatubo volcano, Luzon
7.2. Volcano-tectonic earthquakes associated with flank eruptions
7.2.1. Usu volcano, Hokkaido
8. General Properties of Volcano-tectonic Earthquake Swarms
8.1. Properties of volcano-tectonic earthquake swarms inferred from the data of Chapters 5 to 7
8.1.1. Temporal variations
8.1.2. Spatial distributions
8.1.3. Post-eruption seismic activity
8.1.4. Duration of seismic activity before volcanic event
8.1.5. Position of a volcanic event according to the stage of volcano-tectonic earthquake swarm
8.2. Additional data about volcano-tectonic earthquake swarm properties
8.2.1. Size of volcano-tectonic earthquake swarm area
8.2.2. Earthquake swarm duration
8.2.3. Magnitude-frequency relations of events in volcano-tectonic earthquake swarms
8.3. Some regularities in the volcano-tectonic earthquake swarms proclaiming re-awakening of andesitic and dacitic volcanoes
8.3.1. Relationship between the duration of stage 1 and the VEI of forthcoming explosion
8.3.2. Relationship between the duration of stage 2 and post-explosion dome building
8.3.3. The conceptual model of re-awakening process
9. Source Properties of Volcano-tectonic Earthquakes
9.1. Focal mechanisms of volcano-tectonic earthquakes: double couple and non-double couple models
9.1.1. Double couple model
9.1.2. Non-double couple model
9.2. Source spectral characteristics of volcano-tectonic earthquakes
9.2.1. Spectra of total records of volcano-tectonic earthquakes
9.2.2. Spectral source characteristics of volcano-tectonic earthquakes
9.3. Temporal variations of the source spectral characteristics and focal mechanisms of volcano-tectonic earthquakes in the course of volcanic activity
9.3.1. Corner frequencies variations
9.3.2. Stress-drop variations
9.3.3. Stress field rotations
9.4. Seismo-tectonic deformations in volcanic region
10. Significant Volcano-tectonic Earthquakes and their Role in Volcanic Processes
10.1. Selection of significant volcano-tectonic earthquakes that occurred in the XXth century
10.2. Focal rupturing of significant volcano-tectonic earthquakes and its role in volcanic processes
10.2.1. Rupturing of the magnitude Mw 5.2 earthquake preceding the 1989 Teishi Knoll submarine eruption
10.2.2. Rupturing of the magnitude Mw 7.1 earthquake preceding the 1996 Akademia Nauk volcano subaqual eruption
10.2.3. Rupturing of the magnitude Mw 5.6 earthquake preceding the 1996 Grimsvøtn volcano subglacial eruption
10.3. The magnitude 7 volcano-tectonic earthquakes in volcanic processes
10.3.1. Event No 2, Katmai, Alaska
10.3.2. Event No 3, Sakurajima, Kyushu
10.4. Seismic hazard of significant volcano-tectonic earthquakes
10.4.1. Maximum magnitude Mmax
10.4.2. Attenuation of earthquake intensity with distance for volcanic earthquakes
10.4.3. Recurrence time
10.4.4. Estimation of the seismic hazard of volcanic activity of Colima volcano, Mexico
11. Origin of Eruption Earthquakes
11.1. Volcanic processes generating seismic signals of eruption earthquakes
11.1.1. Processes within the volcanic conduit
11.1.2. Volcanic flows
11.2. Source mechanisms of eruption earthquakes
11.2.1. A force system equivalent to a volcanic eruption
11.2.2. Seismic moment tensors of some non-double couple sources of eruption earthquakes
11.3. Models of the eruption earthquake sources
11.3.1. Models based on the vibration of magma-filled structures
11.3.2. Models based on the process of deep ascending of magma before an explosion
11.3.3. Modeling of seismic signals generated by pyroclastic flows and rockfalls
12. Volcanic Tremor
12.1. Seismograms and spectra
12.2. Location of volcanic tremor
12.3. Volcanic tremors in eruptive process
12.4. Relationship between the intensity of volcanic tremor and volcanic events
12.5. Special cases of volcanic tremors
12.5.1. Isolated tremors
12.5.2. Banded tremor
12.5.3. Long-period tremor
12.5.4. Deep tremor
13. Seismic Signals Associated with Pyroclastic Flows, Rockfalls, and Lahars
13.1. Occurrences of pyroclastic flows, rockfalls, and lahars during volcanic eruptions
13.2. Seismic signals associated with pyroclastic flows and rockfalls: waveforms and spectra
13.2.1. Seismic signals of pyroclastic flows produced by the partial collapse of lava dome
13.2.2. Seismic signals of pyroclastic flows produced by the collapse of eruption column
13.2.3. Seismic signals of pyroclastic flows produced by the explosive destruction of growing lava dome
13.2.4. Seismic signals produced by rockfall
13.2.5. Spectral characteristics
13.3. Occurrences of earthquakes associated with pyroclastic flows and rockfalls
13.4. Relationship between pyroclastic flow and rockfall earthquakes, and volcanic activity during the lava extrusion
13.5. Quantification of pyroclastic flow and rockfall earthquakes
13.5.1. Quantification of pyroclastic flow and rockfall earthquakes occurring due to partial collapse of the lava dome and recorded by short-period instruments at Volcán de Colima, México
13.5.2. Relationship between the magnitude of earthquakes associated with pyroclastic flow and rockfall and the volume of pyroclastic flows emplaced from partial collapse of the lava dome at Volcán de Colima, México
13.5.3. Relationship between the duration of broad-band seismic signals associated with pyroclastic flows emplaced from eruption columns and the volume of pyroclastic flows at Volcan de Colima, México
13.5.4. Relationship between the duration of broad-band seismic signals associated with pyroclastic flows emplaced from eruption columns and the volume of pyroclastic flows at Volcan de Colima, México
13.6. Tracking of pyroclastic flows trajectory using the amplitude signals of earthquakes
13.7. Seismic signals associated with lahars: waveforms and spectra
13.7.1. Volcán de Colima, México
13.7.2. Tungurahua volcano, Ecuador
13.7.3. Mt. Merapi volcano, Indonesia
13.8. Comparison of the seismic characteristics of pyroclastic flows and lahars
14. Seismic Signals Associated with Volcanic Explosions
14.1. Waveforms and spectra
14.1.1. Strombolian explosions
14.1.2. Vulcanian explosions
14.1.3. Plinian explosions
14.1.4. Phreato-magmatic explosions
14.2. Nature of the seismic signals of explosive earthquakes
14.2.1. Comparison of the contemporary video and seismic records during an explosion
14.2.2. Type of waves composing the seismic signal of an explosion
14.3. Sources of explosion earthquakes and their quantification
14.3.1. Multiple source of explosions
14.3.2. Two-stage conceptual models of explosive process
14.3.3. Comparison of the source properties of Strombolian and Vulcanian explosions
14.3.4. Source scaling of the seismic signals associated with Vulcanian and Strombolian explosions
14.4. Location of explosion earthquakes
14.4.1. Location of the initial sub-events from waveform inversion
14.5. Explosion sequences
14.6. Explosion earthquakes in eruptive process
14.6.1. Explosion earthquakes as a component of eruptive process
14.6.2. Vulcanian explosions as indicators of the style of eruption activity
14.7. Nature of seismic signals of explosion earthquakes occurring during Plinian eruption and their quantification
15. Long-period and Very-long-period Seismic Signals at Volcanoes
15.1. Waveforms and spectra
15.1.1. Long-period seismic signals
15.1.2. Very-long-period seismic signals
15.1.3. Occurrences of LP and VLP events
15.1.4. Nature of LP and VLP seismic signals
15.2. Geometry of the sources of LP and VLP seismic signals
15.3. Type of fluid within the fluid-filled cracks
15.3.1. Crack model
15.3.2. Complex frequencies of the LP seismic signal for different fluids
15.3.2. Identification of the type of fluid from LP seismic signals
15.4. Location of the sources of LP and VLP events
15.5. Conceptual models of the relationship between the sources of the LP and VLP seismic signals and their role in eruptive process
16. Seismic Activity Accompanying the Lava Dome Eruptions
16.1 Dynamics of the lava dome process
16.2 Seismicity accompanying the endogenous growth of the 2016-2017 Volcán de Colmia andesitic lava dome
16.2.1 General description of the 2016-2017 eruption
16.2.2 Seismicity accompanying dome eruption stages
16.3 Seismicity accompanying the exogenous growth of the 2004-2008 Mount St. Helens dacitic lava dome
16.3.1. General description of the 2004-2008 eruption
16.3.2. Seismicity accompanying dome eruption stages
16.4 Seismicity accompanying of the transition from endogenous to exogenous andesitic lava dome growth: Volcán de Colima, 2010-2011
16.4.1 General description of the 2007-2011 eruption
16.4.2 Seismicity accompanying the eruption process
17. Swarms of Micro-Earthquakes Associated with Effusive and Explosive Activity at Volcanoes
17.1. Waveforms and spectra
17.2. Structure of micro-earthquake swarms
17.3. Micro-earthquake swarms in eruption process
17.3.1. Kizimen volcano, Kamchatka
17.3.2. Stromboli volcano, Aeolean Islands
17.3.3. Mount St.Helens, Cascades
17.3.4. Ubinas volcano, Perú
17.3.5. Volcán de Colima, Mexico
17.4. Nature of micro-earthquakes
17.4.1. Similarity between the micro-earthquake waveforms and the seismic signals well-associated with the volcanic events
17.4.2. Quantification of micro-earthquakes
18. Acoustic Waves Generated by Volcanic Eruptions
18.1. Infrasonic acoustic waves from small volcanic explosions (VEI 1 and 2)
18.1.1. Waveforms and spectra
18.1.2. Families of infrasonic signals
18.1.3. Source location of the infrasonic events
18.1.4. Relationship between the amplitudes of the seismic and infrasonic signals
18.2. Long-period acoustic and acoustic-gravity waves from large volcanic eruptions (VEI 4-6)
18.2.1. Near-field waveforms of long-period acoustic waves
18.2.2. Far-field registrations of long-period acoustic waves
18.3. Acoustic waves produced by the lava dome collapse and the propagation of pyroclastic flow and rockfalls
18.3.1. Lava dome collapse
18.3.2. Pyroclastic flows propagation
18.3.3. Large rockfall propagation
18.4. Acoustic waves produced during volcanic micro-earthquake swarms (“drumbeats”)
18.5. Utility of the acoustic signals for volcano activity monitoring
18.5.1. Estimation of the energy of eruptive events
18.5.2. Reconstruction of the process of dome collapses and pyroclastic flow propagation
18.5.3. Monitoring of phreatic and Strombolian explosions
19. Seismic Monitoring of Volcanic Activity and Forecasting of Volcanic Eruptions
19.1. Methodology of seismic monitoring of volcanic activity
19.1.1. Seismic networks around volcanoes
19.1.2. Application of the seismic arrays for study of volcanic seismicity
19.1.3. Initial processing of seismic data
19.1.4. Automatic classification of the seismic signals
19.1.5. Location of seismic events
19.2. Applications of volcanic seismicity to the forecasting of volcanic eruptions and predicting of volcanic hazards
19.2.1. Methods based on the statistical variations in the parameters of volcano-tectonic earthquakes
19.2.2. Chronicle of some forecasting of volcanic eruptions based on seismic monitoring
20. Seismic Activity at Dormant Volcanic Structures: A Problem of Failed Eruption
20.1. Failed eruptions: case stories
20.1.1. Failed eruptions at large calderas
20.1.2. Failed eruptions at strato-volcanoes
20.1.3. Failed eruptions in rift settings
20.2. Modeling of magma ascent resisting
20.2.1. Experimental study of the ascent of a fixed magma volume
20.2.2. Arrest of propagating dyke due to mechanical barriers and density stratification in an upper crustal horizon
20.3. Monitoring of the seismic activity at dormant volcanoes
20.3.1. Monitoring of andesitic and dacitic dormant volcanoes
20.3.2. Monitoring of basaltic dormant volcanoes
21. The Seismic Signals Associated with The Natural Seismicity Of Geothermal Structures Within Volcanic Environment
21.1. General description of geothermal systems
21.1.1. Position of geothermal systems within volcanic environment
21.1.2. Structure of geothermal systems
21.2. Natural seismicity associated with heat discharge within geothermal systems
21.2.1. Diffusive heat discharge (mud volcano)
21.2.2. Continuous heat discharge
21.2.3. Intermittent heat discharge
21.3. Comparison of the seismic signals associated with hydrothermal and volcanic activity
1.1. Terms and definitions
1.1.1. Volcanic terms
1.1.2. Tectonic terms
1.1.3. Seismological terms
1.2. Subject of the book
1.3. Acknowledgements
2. Seismicity at Volcanoes
2.1. History of seismic monitoring of volcanic activity
2.2. Classification of volcanic earthquakes
2.3. Sequences of volcanic earthquakes
2.3.1. Sequences of volcano-tectonic earthquakes
2.3.2. Sequences of eruption earthquakes
3. Fundamentals of Volcanic Seismology
3.1. Magma flow within the volcanic conduit
3.1.1. Magma flow regimes
3.1.2. Modeling of magma flow regimes
3.2. Experimental studies of the volcanic processes and their applications for the seismic sources
3.2.1. Experimental grounds of the brittle fracturing in the rocks at high temperatures and high pressure
3.2.2. Experimental grounds of the origin of seismic signals during the magma ascending within the volcanic conduit
3.3. General description of the source of seismic signals at volcanoes
3.3.1. Equivalent force system acting in the earthquake source
3.3.2. Green’s functions
3.3.3. Single force
3.3.4. Seismic moment tensor
3.3.5. Waveform inversion
4. Origin of Volcano-tectonic Earthquakes
4.1. Migration of magma and its seismic potential
4.2. Volcanism and tectonics
4.3. Source nature of volcano-tectonic earthquakes
4.3.1. Waveform and spectra
4.3.2. Tensor representation of the source of volcano-tectonic earthquake
4.4. Models of volcano-tectonic earthquake sequences
5. Volcano-tectonic Earthquakes at Basaltic Volcanoes: Case Studies
5.1. Volcano-tectonic earthquakes associated with shield volcanoes
5.1.1. Kilauea volcano, Hawaii
5.2. Volcano-tectonic earthquakes associated with strato-volcanoes
5.2.1. Mount Etna, Sicily
5.2.1. Oshima volcano, Izu Islands
5.2.2. Klyuchevskoy volcano, Kamchatka
5.3. Volcano-tectonic earthquakes associated with fissure eruptions
5.3.1. New Tolbachik Volcanoes, Kamchatka
5.3.2. The 2005-2009 Ethiopia rifting episode
5.4. Volcano-tectonic earthquakes associated with caldera collapse
5.4.1. Fernandina volcano, Galápagos Islands
5.5. Volcano-tectonic earthquakes associated with submarine eruptions
5.5.1. Teishi-Knoll volcano, Izu Islands
5.5.2. Miyakejima volcano, Izu Islands
5.5.3. El Hierro volcano, Canary Islands
6. Volcano-tectonic Earthquakes at Andesitic Volcanoes: Case Studies
6.1. Volcano-tectonic earthquakes associated with volcanic “directed blasts”
6.1.1. Bezymianny volcano, Kamchatka
6.1.2. Sheveluch volcano, Kamchatka
6.2. Volcano-tectonic earthquakes associated with phreatic and phreato-magmatic explosions
6.2.1. El Chichón volcano, México
6.2.2. Volcán de Colima, México
6.2.3. Popocatépetl volcano, México
6.2.4. Soufriére Hills volcano, Montserrat
6.3. Volcano-tectonic earthquakes associated with lava extrusions
6.3.1. Volcán de Colima, México
6.3.2. La Soufrière volcano, St Vincent Island
6.4. Volcano-tectonic earthquakes associated with flank eruption
6.4.1. Sakurajima volcano, Kyushu
7. Volcano-tectonic Earthquakes at Dacitic Volcanoes: Case Studies
7.1. Volcano-tectonic earthquakes associated with summit eruptions
7.1.1. Mount St. Helens, Cascades
7.1.2. Usu volcano, Hokkaido
7.1.3. Unzen volcano, Kyushu
7.1.4. Pinatubo volcano, Luzon
7.2. Volcano-tectonic earthquakes associated with flank eruptions
7.2.1. Usu volcano, Hokkaido
8. General Properties of Volcano-tectonic Earthquake Swarms
8.1. Properties of volcano-tectonic earthquake swarms inferred from the data of Chapters 5 to 7
8.1.1. Temporal variations
8.1.2. Spatial distributions
8.1.3. Post-eruption seismic activity
8.1.4. Duration of seismic activity before volcanic event
8.1.5. Position of a volcanic event according to the stage of volcano-tectonic earthquake swarm
8.2. Additional data about volcano-tectonic earthquake swarm properties
8.2.1. Size of volcano-tectonic earthquake swarm area
8.2.2. Earthquake swarm duration
8.2.3. Magnitude-frequency relations of events in volcano-tectonic earthquake swarms
8.3. Some regularities in the volcano-tectonic earthquake swarms proclaiming re-awakening of andesitic and dacitic volcanoes
8.3.1. Relationship between the duration of stage 1 and the VEI of forthcoming explosion
8.3.2. Relationship between the duration of stage 2 and post-explosion dome building
8.3.3. The conceptual model of re-awakening process
9. Source Properties of Volcano-tectonic Earthquakes
9.1. Focal mechanisms of volcano-tectonic earthquakes: double couple and non-double couple models
9.1.1. Double couple model
9.1.2. Non-double couple model
9.2. Source spectral characteristics of volcano-tectonic earthquakes
9.2.1. Spectra of total records of volcano-tectonic earthquakes
9.2.2. Spectral source characteristics of volcano-tectonic earthquakes
9.3. Temporal variations of the source spectral characteristics and focal mechanisms of volcano-tectonic earthquakes in the course of volcanic activity
9.3.1. Corner frequencies variations
9.3.2. Stress-drop variations
9.3.3. Stress field rotations
9.4. Seismo-tectonic deformations in volcanic region
10. Significant Volcano-tectonic Earthquakes and their Role in Volcanic Processes
10.1. Selection of significant volcano-tectonic earthquakes that occurred in the XXth century
10.2. Focal rupturing of significant volcano-tectonic earthquakes and its role in volcanic processes
10.2.1. Rupturing of the magnitude Mw 5.2 earthquake preceding the 1989 Teishi Knoll submarine eruption
10.2.2. Rupturing of the magnitude Mw 7.1 earthquake preceding the 1996 Akademia Nauk volcano subaqual eruption
10.2.3. Rupturing of the magnitude Mw 5.6 earthquake preceding the 1996 Grimsvøtn volcano subglacial eruption
10.3. The magnitude 7 volcano-tectonic earthquakes in volcanic processes
10.3.1. Event No 2, Katmai, Alaska
10.3.2. Event No 3, Sakurajima, Kyushu
10.4. Seismic hazard of significant volcano-tectonic earthquakes
10.4.1. Maximum magnitude Mmax
10.4.2. Attenuation of earthquake intensity with distance for volcanic earthquakes
10.4.3. Recurrence time
10.4.4. Estimation of the seismic hazard of volcanic activity of Colima volcano, Mexico
11. Origin of Eruption Earthquakes
11.1. Volcanic processes generating seismic signals of eruption earthquakes
11.1.1. Processes within the volcanic conduit
11.1.2. Volcanic flows
11.2. Source mechanisms of eruption earthquakes
11.2.1. A force system equivalent to a volcanic eruption
11.2.2. Seismic moment tensors of some non-double couple sources of eruption earthquakes
11.3. Models of the eruption earthquake sources
11.3.1. Models based on the vibration of magma-filled structures
11.3.2. Models based on the process of deep ascending of magma before an explosion
11.3.3. Modeling of seismic signals generated by pyroclastic flows and rockfalls
12. Volcanic Tremor
12.1. Seismograms and spectra
12.2. Location of volcanic tremor
12.3. Volcanic tremors in eruptive process
12.4. Relationship between the intensity of volcanic tremor and volcanic events
12.5. Special cases of volcanic tremors
12.5.1. Isolated tremors
12.5.2. Banded tremor
12.5.3. Long-period tremor
12.5.4. Deep tremor
13. Seismic Signals Associated with Pyroclastic Flows, Rockfalls, and Lahars
13.1. Occurrences of pyroclastic flows, rockfalls, and lahars during volcanic eruptions
13.2. Seismic signals associated with pyroclastic flows and rockfalls: waveforms and spectra
13.2.1. Seismic signals of pyroclastic flows produced by the partial collapse of lava dome
13.2.2. Seismic signals of pyroclastic flows produced by the collapse of eruption column
13.2.3. Seismic signals of pyroclastic flows produced by the explosive destruction of growing lava dome
13.2.4. Seismic signals produced by rockfall
13.2.5. Spectral characteristics
13.3. Occurrences of earthquakes associated with pyroclastic flows and rockfalls
13.4. Relationship between pyroclastic flow and rockfall earthquakes, and volcanic activity during the lava extrusion
13.5. Quantification of pyroclastic flow and rockfall earthquakes
13.5.1. Quantification of pyroclastic flow and rockfall earthquakes occurring due to partial collapse of the lava dome and recorded by short-period instruments at Volcán de Colima, México
13.5.2. Relationship between the magnitude of earthquakes associated with pyroclastic flow and rockfall and the volume of pyroclastic flows emplaced from partial collapse of the lava dome at Volcán de Colima, México
13.5.3. Relationship between the duration of broad-band seismic signals associated with pyroclastic flows emplaced from eruption columns and the volume of pyroclastic flows at Volcan de Colima, México
13.5.4. Relationship between the duration of broad-band seismic signals associated with pyroclastic flows emplaced from eruption columns and the volume of pyroclastic flows at Volcan de Colima, México
13.6. Tracking of pyroclastic flows trajectory using the amplitude signals of earthquakes
13.7. Seismic signals associated with lahars: waveforms and spectra
13.7.1. Volcán de Colima, México
13.7.2. Tungurahua volcano, Ecuador
13.7.3. Mt. Merapi volcano, Indonesia
13.8. Comparison of the seismic characteristics of pyroclastic flows and lahars
14. Seismic Signals Associated with Volcanic Explosions
14.1. Waveforms and spectra
14.1.1. Strombolian explosions
14.1.2. Vulcanian explosions
14.1.3. Plinian explosions
14.1.4. Phreato-magmatic explosions
14.2. Nature of the seismic signals of explosive earthquakes
14.2.1. Comparison of the contemporary video and seismic records during an explosion
14.2.2. Type of waves composing the seismic signal of an explosion
14.3. Sources of explosion earthquakes and their quantification
14.3.1. Multiple source of explosions
14.3.2. Two-stage conceptual models of explosive process
14.3.3. Comparison of the source properties of Strombolian and Vulcanian explosions
14.3.4. Source scaling of the seismic signals associated with Vulcanian and Strombolian explosions
14.4. Location of explosion earthquakes
14.4.1. Location of the initial sub-events from waveform inversion
14.5. Explosion sequences
14.6. Explosion earthquakes in eruptive process
14.6.1. Explosion earthquakes as a component of eruptive process
14.6.2. Vulcanian explosions as indicators of the style of eruption activity
14.7. Nature of seismic signals of explosion earthquakes occurring during Plinian eruption and their quantification
15. Long-period and Very-long-period Seismic Signals at Volcanoes
15.1. Waveforms and spectra
15.1.1. Long-period seismic signals
15.1.2. Very-long-period seismic signals
15.1.3. Occurrences of LP and VLP events
15.1.4. Nature of LP and VLP seismic signals
15.2. Geometry of the sources of LP and VLP seismic signals
15.3. Type of fluid within the fluid-filled cracks
15.3.1. Crack model
15.3.2. Complex frequencies of the LP seismic signal for different fluids
15.3.2. Identification of the type of fluid from LP seismic signals
15.4. Location of the sources of LP and VLP events
15.5. Conceptual models of the relationship between the sources of the LP and VLP seismic signals and their role in eruptive process
16. Seismic Activity Accompanying the Lava Dome Eruptions
16.1 Dynamics of the lava dome process
16.2 Seismicity accompanying the endogenous growth of the 2016-2017 Volcán de Colmia andesitic lava dome
16.2.1 General description of the 2016-2017 eruption
16.2.2 Seismicity accompanying dome eruption stages
16.3 Seismicity accompanying the exogenous growth of the 2004-2008 Mount St. Helens dacitic lava dome
16.3.1. General description of the 2004-2008 eruption
16.3.2. Seismicity accompanying dome eruption stages
16.4 Seismicity accompanying of the transition from endogenous to exogenous andesitic lava dome growth: Volcán de Colima, 2010-2011
16.4.1 General description of the 2007-2011 eruption
16.4.2 Seismicity accompanying the eruption process
17. Swarms of Micro-Earthquakes Associated with Effusive and Explosive Activity at Volcanoes
17.1. Waveforms and spectra
17.2. Structure of micro-earthquake swarms
17.3. Micro-earthquake swarms in eruption process
17.3.1. Kizimen volcano, Kamchatka
17.3.2. Stromboli volcano, Aeolean Islands
17.3.3. Mount St.Helens, Cascades
17.3.4. Ubinas volcano, Perú
17.3.5. Volcán de Colima, Mexico
17.4. Nature of micro-earthquakes
17.4.1. Similarity between the micro-earthquake waveforms and the seismic signals well-associated with the volcanic events
17.4.2. Quantification of micro-earthquakes
18. Acoustic Waves Generated by Volcanic Eruptions
18.1. Infrasonic acoustic waves from small volcanic explosions (VEI 1 and 2)
18.1.1. Waveforms and spectra
18.1.2. Families of infrasonic signals
18.1.3. Source location of the infrasonic events
18.1.4. Relationship between the amplitudes of the seismic and infrasonic signals
18.2. Long-period acoustic and acoustic-gravity waves from large volcanic eruptions (VEI 4-6)
18.2.1. Near-field waveforms of long-period acoustic waves
18.2.2. Far-field registrations of long-period acoustic waves
18.3. Acoustic waves produced by the lava dome collapse and the propagation of pyroclastic flow and rockfalls
18.3.1. Lava dome collapse
18.3.2. Pyroclastic flows propagation
18.3.3. Large rockfall propagation
18.4. Acoustic waves produced during volcanic micro-earthquake swarms (“drumbeats”)
18.5. Utility of the acoustic signals for volcano activity monitoring
18.5.1. Estimation of the energy of eruptive events
18.5.2. Reconstruction of the process of dome collapses and pyroclastic flow propagation
18.5.3. Monitoring of phreatic and Strombolian explosions
19. Seismic Monitoring of Volcanic Activity and Forecasting of Volcanic Eruptions
19.1. Methodology of seismic monitoring of volcanic activity
19.1.1. Seismic networks around volcanoes
19.1.2. Application of the seismic arrays for study of volcanic seismicity
19.1.3. Initial processing of seismic data
19.1.4. Automatic classification of the seismic signals
19.1.5. Location of seismic events
19.2. Applications of volcanic seismicity to the forecasting of volcanic eruptions and predicting of volcanic hazards
19.2.1. Methods based on the statistical variations in the parameters of volcano-tectonic earthquakes
19.2.2. Chronicle of some forecasting of volcanic eruptions based on seismic monitoring
20. Seismic Activity at Dormant Volcanic Structures: A Problem of Failed Eruption
20.1. Failed eruptions: case stories
20.1.1. Failed eruptions at large calderas
20.1.2. Failed eruptions at strato-volcanoes
20.1.3. Failed eruptions in rift settings
20.2. Modeling of magma ascent resisting
20.2.1. Experimental study of the ascent of a fixed magma volume
20.2.2. Arrest of propagating dyke due to mechanical barriers and density stratification in an upper crustal horizon
20.3. Monitoring of the seismic activity at dormant volcanoes
20.3.1. Monitoring of andesitic and dacitic dormant volcanoes
20.3.2. Monitoring of basaltic dormant volcanoes
21. The Seismic Signals Associated with The Natural Seismicity Of Geothermal Structures Within Volcanic Environment
21.1. General description of geothermal systems
21.1.1. Position of geothermal systems within volcanic environment
21.1.2. Structure of geothermal systems
21.2. Natural seismicity associated with heat discharge within geothermal systems
21.2.1. Diffusive heat discharge (mud volcano)
21.2.2. Continuous heat discharge
21.2.3. Intermittent heat discharge
21.3. Comparison of the seismic signals associated with hydrothermal and volcanic activity
Product details
Product details
- Edition: 1
- Published: July 1, 2003
- Language: English
About the author
About the author
VM
Vyacheslav M Zobin
Prof. Vyacheslav Zobin graduated from the Novosibirsk State University, Novosibirsk, Russia, in 1966, and obtained his PhD in Physics and Mathematics (Volcanic Seismology) at the Institute of Physics of the Earth, Moscow, Russia, in 1978. From 1966 to 1996 he worked at the Institute of Volcanology, Petropavlovsk-Kamchatsky, Russia, and has since worked as Research Professor at the Center for Volcanological Research, Colima University, Colima, Mexico. Prof. Zobin is a prolific author in the areas of volcanic seismology and seismic hazard, with many published research articles, and with books published in three languages: Russian, Spanish, and English.
Affiliations and expertise
Research Professor, Center for Volcanological Research, Colima University, MexicoView book on ScienceDirect
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