IPv6 Core Protocols Implementation

Foreword Preface 1 Introduction1.1 Introduction 1.2 A Brief History of IPv6 and KAME 1.2.1 Commercial Success of KAME 1.3 Overview of the KAME Distribution 1.3.1 Source Tree Structure 1.3.2 Build Procedure 1.4 Overview of BSD Network Implementation1.5 Source Code Narrations1.5.1 Typographical Conventions1.5.2 Sample Source Code Description1.5.3 Preprocessor Variables1.5.4 Networking Device and Architecture Assumptions 1.6 Mbufs and IPv61.6.1 Common Mbuf Manipulation Macros and Functions 1.6.2 Mbuf Tagging1.6.3 Mbuf Requirement for IPv61.6.4 Diagnosing Mbuf Chain2 IPv6 Addressing Architecture2.1 Introduction 2.2 IPv6 Addresses 2.3 Textual Representation of IPv6 Addresses 2.4 Address Scopes 2.4.1 Scope Zones 2.4.2 Zone Indices 2.4.3 Textual Representation of Scoped Addresses 2.4.4 Deprecation of Unicast Site-local Addresses 2.5 IPv6 Address Format 2.5.1 Interface Identifier Generation 2.5.2 Notes about Address Format 2.5.3 Multicast Address Format 2.6 Node Address Requirements 2.7 IPv6 Address Space Management 2.8 Code Introduction 2.8.1 IPv6 Address Structures—in6_addr{} and sockaddr_in6{} 2.8.2 Macros and Variables2.9 Handling Scope Zones2.9.1 Initialization of Scope Zones 2.9.2 Scope Zone IDs 2.9.3 Zone IDs in Address Structures 2.9.4 Scope-Related Utility Functions 2.10 Interface Address Structures2.10.1 ifaddr{} and in6_ifaddr{} Structures 2.10.2 in6_ifreq{} and in6_aliasreq{} Structures2.10.3 Multicast Address Structures 2.11 IPv6 Prefix Structure 2.12 Overview of Address Manipulation Routines 2.13 Interface Initialization for IPv6 2.13.1 in6_if_up() Function 2.13.2 in6_ifattach() Function 2.13.3 in6_ifattach_loopback() Function 2.13.4 in6_ifattach_linklocal() Function 2.13.5 get_ifid() Function 2.13.6 get_hw_ifid() Function 2.13.7 get_rand_ifid() Function 2.13.8 in6if_do_dad() Function 2.14 IPv6 Interface Address Configuration 2.14.1 in6_control() Function 2.14.2 in6_update_ifa() Function 2.14.3 in6_joingroup() and in6_leavegroup() Functions 2.14.4 in6_addmulti() and in6_delmulti()Functions 2.14.5 in6_ifinit() Function 2.14.6 in6_ifaddloop() and in6_ifloop_request() Functions2.15 Deleting an IPv6 Address 2.15.1 in6_purgeaddr() Function 2.15.2 in6_ifremloop() Function 2.15.3 in6_unlink_ifa() Function2.16 Operation with Address Configuration Utility3 Internet Protocol version 6 3.1 Introduction3.2 IPv6 Header Format3.2.1 Comparison to the IPv4 Header3.3 IPv6 Extension Headers3.3.1 Order of Extension Headers3.3.2 Hop-by-Hop Options Header3.3.3 Destination Options Header3.3.4 Routing Header3.3.5 Fragment Header3.3.6 IPv6 Options3.4 Source Address Selection3.4.1 Default Address Selection3.4.2 Source Address Selection 3.4.3 Destination Address Selection 3.5 Code Introduction 3.5.1 Statistics 3.5.2 Header Structures 3.5.3 ip6protosw{} Structure 3.6 IPv6 Packet Address Information in Mbuf 3.6.1 ip6_setdstifaddr() Function 3.6.2 ip6_getdstifaddr() Function3.6.3 ip6_setpktaddrs() Function 3.6.4 ip6_getpktaddrs() Function 3.7 Input Processing: ip6_input() Function 3.8 Processing Hop-by-Hop Options Header: ip6_hopopts_input() Function 3.8.1 Processing Each Option: ip6_process_hopopts()Function 3.8.2 Processing Unknown Option: ip6_unknown_opt()Function3.9 Processing Destination Options Header: dest6_input() Function 3.10 Reassembling Fragmented Packets 3.10.1 Structures for Packet Reassembly 3.10.2 frag6_input()F unction 13.11 Processing Routing Header: route6_input()Function 3.12 Forwarding: ip6_forward() Function 3.13 Output Processing 3.13.1 Source Address Selection—in6_selectsrc() Function 3.13.2 Route Selection: ip6_selectroute() Function 3.13.3 ip6_output() Function 3.13.4 Make Extension Headers: ip6_copyexthdr()Function 3.13.5 Split Headers: ip6_splithdr() Function 3.13.6 Insert Jumbo Payload Option: ip6_insert_jumboopt() Function 3.13.7 Fragmentation: ip6_insertfraghdr() Function 3.13.8 Path MTU Determination: ip6_getpmtu()Function 3.13.9 Multicast Loopback: ip6_mloopback() Function 4 Internet Control Message Protocol for IPv6 4.1 Introduction 4.2 ICMPv6 Message 4.2.1 Destination Unreachable Message 4.2.2 Packet Too Big Message 4.2.3 Time Exceeded Message 4.2.4 Parameter Problem Message 4.2.5 Echo Request Message4.2.6 Echo Reply Message 4.2.7 ICMPv6 Message Processing Rules 4.3 Path MTU Discovery Mechanism 4.4 Node Information Query 4.4.1 Node Information Message Format 4.4.2 NOOP Query 4.4.3 Supported Qtypes Query 4.4.4 Node Name Query 4.4.5 Node Addresses Query 4.4.6 IPv4 Addresses Query 4.5 Code Introduction 4.5.1 Statistics 4.5.2 ICMPv6 Header 4.6 ICMPv6 Input Processing 4.6.1 icmp6_input() Function 4.6.2 Notifying Errors: icmp6_notify_error()Function 4.7 Path MTU Discovery Implementation 4.7.1 icmp6_mtudisc_update() Function 4.8 ICMPv6 Output Processing 4.8.1 Sending Error: icmp6_error() Function 4.8.2 Error Rate Limitation: icmp6_ratelimit()Function 4.8.3 icmp6_reflect() Function 4.9 Node Information Query Implementation 4.9.1 Types and Variables 4.9.2 ping6 Command: Send Queries 4.9.3 ping6 Command: Receive Replies 4.9.4 ping6 Command: Print Supported Qtypes 4.9.5 ping6 Command: Print Node Addresses 4.9.6 Query Processing: ni6_input() Function 4.9.7 Node Name Manipulation 4.9.8 Create Node Addresses Reply: ni6_store_addrs()Function 4.10 NodeInformation Operation 5 Neighbor Discovery and Stateless Address Autoconfiguration 5.1 Introduction 5.2 Neighbor Discovery Protocol Overview 5.3 Stateless Address Autoconfiguration Overview 5.4 ND Protocol Messages 5.5 Example Exchanges of ND Protocol Messages 5.6 ND Protocol Packet Types and Formats 5.6.1 Router Solicitation Message 5.6.2 Router Advertisement Message 5.6.3 Neighbor Solicitation Message 5.6.4 Neighbor Advertisement Message 5.6.5 Redirect Message 5.7 Neighbor Discovery Option Types and Formats 5.7.1 Link-Layer Address Options 5.7.2 Prefix Information Option 5.7.3 Redirected Header Option 5.7.4 MTU Option 5.7.5 Route Information Option 5.8 Next-Hop Determination and Address Resolution5.9 Neighbor Unreachability Detection Algorithm5.10 Stateless Address Autoconfiguration 5.10.1 Address Formation and Address States 5.10.2 Duplicate Address Detection Algorithm 5.10.3 Processing Router Advertisement5.10.4 Privacy Extensions 5.11 Router Specific Operation 5.11.1 Sending Unsolicited Router Advertisements5.11.2 Processing Router Solicitations5.11.3 Processing Router Advertisements 5.12 Host Specific Operations5.12.1 Sending Router Solicitations 5.12.2 Processing Router Advertisements5.12.3 Default Router Selection5.13 Code Introduction 5.13.1 ND Message Definitions5.13.2 Neighbor Cache—llinfo_nd6{} Structure5.13.3 Operational Variables—nd_ifinfo{} Structure5.13.4 Default Router—nd_defrouter{} Structure5.13.5 Prefix—nd_prefix{} Structure5.13.6 Prefix Control—nd_prefixctl{} Structure5.13.7 ND Message Options—nd_opts{} Structure5.13.8 DAD Queue Entry—dadq{} Structure5.13.9 IPv6 Address—in6_ifaddr{} Structure5.13.10 Destination Cache5.13.11 Operation Constants5.14 Initialization Functions5.14.1 nd6_init() Function 5.14.2 nd6_ifattach() Function 5.15 Neighbor Cache Management Functions 5.15.1 nd6_rtrequest() Function 5.15.2 nd6_cache_lladdr() Function 5.15.3 nd6_lookup() Function 5.15.4 nd6_free() Function 5.15.5 nd6_timer() Function 5.16 ND Protocol Messages Processing Functions 5.16.1 nd6_ns_output() Function 5.16.2 nd6_ns_input() Function 5.16.3 nd6_na_input() Function 5.16.4 nd6_na_output() Function 5.16.5 nd6_rs_input() Function 5.16.6 nd6_ra_input() Function 5.16.7 icmp6_redirect_input() Function 5.16.8 icmp6_redirect_output() Function 5.17 ND Protocol Message Options Processing Functions5.17.1 nd6_option_init() Function5.17.2 nd6_option() Function5.17.3 nd6_options() Function 5.18 Default Router Management Functions 5.18.1 defrouter_addreq() Function 5.18.2 defrouter_delreq() Function 5.18.3 defrouter_addifreq() Function 5.18.4 defrouter_delifreq() Function 5.18.5 defrouter_lookup() Function 5.18.6 defrouter_select() Function 5.18.7 defrtrlist_del() Function 5.18.8 defrtrlist_update() Function 5.19 Prefix Management Functions 5.19.1 nd6_prelist_add() Function 5.19.2 prelist_remove() Function 5.19.3 prelist_update() Function 5.19.4 find_pfxlist_reachable_router() Function5.19.5 Prefix and Address State about On-link Condition 5.19.6 pfxlist_onlink_check() Function5.19.7 nd6_prefix_onlink() Function5.19.8 nd6_prefix_offlink() Function 5.20 Stateless Address Autoconfiguration Functions5.20.1 in6_ifadd() Function 5.20.2 in6_tmpifadd() Function 5.20.3 regen_tmpaddr() Function 5.21 Duplicate Address Detection Functions 5.21.1 nd6_dad_find() Function 5.21.2 nd6_dad_starttimer() Function 5.21.3 nd6_dad_stoptimer() Function 5.21.4 nd6_dad_start() Function 5.21.5 nd6_dad_stop() Function 5.21.6 nd6_dad_timer() Function 5.21.7 nd6_dad_duplicated() Function 5.21.8 nd6_dad_ns_output() Function 5.21.9 nd6_dad_ns_input() Function 5.21.10 nd6_dad_na_input() Function 5.22 Miscellaneous Functions 5.22.1 nd6_is_addr_neighbor() Function 5.22.2 nd6_output() Function 5.22.3 rt6_flush() Function 5.22.4 nd6_rtmsg() Function 6 Transport Layer Implications6.1 Introduction 6.2 TCP and UDP over IPv6 6.3 Pseudo Header for IPv6 6.4 Checksum Difference between IPv4 and IPv6 6.5 IPv4-mapped IPv6 Address Usage 6.6 Code Introduction6.6.1 Protocol Control Blocks for IPv6 6.7 General Operations on PCBs and Sockets 6.7.1 IPv6 PCB Allocation—in_pcballoc() Function6.7.2 Bind Local Address—in6_pcbbind() Function 6.7.3 Fix Remote Address—in6_pcbconnect() Function6.7.4 Function in6_pcbladdr() 6.7.5 Search for a PCB Entry—in6_pcblookup_local()Function 6.7.6 Search for IPv4-mapped PCB—in_pcblookup_local() Function 6.7.7 Search for a PCB Entry—in6_pcblookup_hash()Function 6.7.8 Search for IPv4-mapped PCB—in_pcblookup_hash()Function 6.7.9 Detach an IPv6 PCB—in6_pcbdetach() Function 6.7.10 Control Message Signaling—in6_pcbnotify()Function 6.7.11 Flush PCB Cached Route—in6_rtchange()Function6.7.12 Retrieve Peer Address—in6_setpeeraddr()Function6.7.13 Retrieve Local Address—in6_setscokaddr()Function 6.8 TCP-over-IPv6 6.8.1 TCP-over-IPv6 Instance of ip6protosw{} 6.8.2 TCP Output 6.8.3 Initializing Headers—tcp_fillheaders() Function 6.8.4 TCP Input—tcp6_input() and tcp_input()Functions 6.8.5 TCP Control Input—tcp6_ctlinput() Function 6.8.6 TCP User Requests 6.9 UDP-over-IPv6 6.9.1 UDP-over-IPv6 Instance of ip6protosw{} 6.9.2 UDP Output—udp6_output() Function 6.9.3 UDP Input—udp6_input() Function 6.9.4 UDP Control Input—udp6_ctlinput() Function 6.9.5 UDP User Requests Handling 6.10 Raw IPv6 6.10.1 Raw IPv6 Statistics 6.10.2 Raw IPv6 Output—rip6_output() Function 6.10.3 Raw IPv6 Input—rip6_input() Function 6.10.4 ICMPv6 Input—icmp6_rip6_input() Function 6.10.5 Raw IPv6 Control Input—rip6_ctlinput()Function6.10.6 Raw IPv6 Control Output—rip6_ctloutput()Function 6.10.7 Raw IPv6 User Requests Handling 6.11 Summary of Operation with IPv4-mapped IPv6 Addresses 6.12 Viewing IPv6 Connections with netstat 6.13 Configuring IPv4-mapped IPv6 Address Support7 Socket API Extensions 7.1 Introduction 7.2 The Basic Socket API—RFC3493 7.2.1 Basic Definitions 7.2.2 Interface Identification 7.2.3 IPv4 Communication over AF_INET6 Socket 7.2.4 Address and Name Conversion Functions 7.2.5 Basic Socket Options 7.3 The Advanced Socket API—RFC3542 7.3.1 Advanced Definitions 7.3.2 IPv6 Raw Sockets 7.3.3 Introduction to Ancillary Data 7.3.4 IPv6 Packet Information 7.3.5 Manipulation of IPv6 Extension Headers 7.3.6 Path MTU APIs 7.3.7 Socket Extensions for the “r” Commands 7.3.8 Summary Tables of Socket Options 7.4 Kernel Implementation of IPv6 Socket APIs 7.4.1 Code Introduction 7.4.2 ip6_pktopts{} Structure 7.4.3 IPv6 Socket Option Processing—ip6_ctloutput()Function 7.4.4 Getting Socket Options—ip6_getpcbopt() Function7.4.5 Setting Socket Options and Ancillary Data 7.4.6 Cleaning Up—ip6_freepcbopts() Function 7.4.7 IPv6 Multicast Socket Options 7.4.8 IPv6 Raw Socket Options—ip6_raw_ctloutput()Function 7.4.9 ICMPv6 Socket Options—icmp6_ctloutput()Function 7.4.10 Delivering Incoming Information—ip6_savecontrol()Function 7.5 Socket Options and Ancillary Data Examples7.5.1 Example of the Send Path7.5.2 Example of the Receive Path 7.6 Implementation of Library Functions—libinet6 7.6.1 inet_pton() and inet_pton6() Functions 7.6.2 inet_ntop() and inet_ntop6() Functions 7.6.3 getaddrinfo() Function 7.6.4 Address Ordering Examples 7.6.5 freeaddrinfo() Function 7.6.6 gai_strerror() Function 7.6.7 getnameinfo() Function 7.6.8 Other Library Functions References