Micro Fluidization

1: Introduction

1.1 Fluidization and fluidized bed

1.2 Typical ∆PB ~ Ug relationship

1.3 Geldart powder classification

1.4 Gas-solid fluidization regimes

1.5 Fluidization applications

1.6 Miniaturization of fluidized beds

1.7 Micro fluidized bed applications

1.8 Sources of information on micro fluidization
Nomenclature
References

2: Fundamentals of micro gas-solid fluidization

2.1 Bed pressure drops in micro fluidized beds

2.1.1 The bed pressure drop overshoot

2.1.2 The bed pressure drop offset

2.1.3 Deviation from the Ergun equation

2.2 Mechanistic analysis of the wall effects

2.2.1 The wall frictional force

2.2.2 Increase in bed voidage

2.2.3 Inhomogeneous flow

2.3 Discussions on the wall effects

2.4 More influencing factors

2.4.1 Influence of particle diameter

2.4.2 Influence of gas properties

2.4.3 Influence of temperature
Nomenclature
References

3: Gas and solid mixing

3.1 Experimental and analytic techniques

3.1.1 Gas residence time distribution

3.1.2 Axial dispersion model

3.2 Gas mixing

3.2.1 Gas residence time distribution

3.2.2 Axial gas dispersion coefficient

3.2.3 Two-phase model analysis

3.2.4 A criterion for the plug flow of gas in micro fluidized beds

3.3 Solid mixing

3.3.1 Solid mixing simulation

3.3.2 Particle feeding simulation
Nomenclature
References

4: Micro fluidization regimes

4.1 Experimental observations

4.2 Fixed bed

4.3 Minimum fluidization velocity

4.3.1 Factors influencing Umf

4.3.2 Prediction of minimum fluidization velocity

4.4 Particulate fluidization

4.5 Bubbling fluidized bed

4.5.1 The onset of bubbling fluidization

4.5.2 Prediction of minimum bubbling velocity

4.5.3 Bubble size

4.6 Slugging Fluidized Bed

4.6.1 The onset of slugging fluidization

4.6.2 Prediction of slugging velocity

4.7 Turbulent fluidized bed

4.7.1 The onset of turbulent fluidization

4.7.2 Prediction of transition velocity

4.8 Distinction between micro and macro fluidized beds

4.9 Fluidization regime map for micro fluidized beds
Nomenclature
References

5: Hydrodynamic modelling in micro fluidized beds

5.1 CFD modelling approaches

5.2 Two-fluid method

5.2.1 TFM formulation

5.2.2 TFM simulations and validations

5.2.3 TFM predicted MFB hydrodynamics

5.3 The discrete element method

5.3.1 Model formulation

5.3.2 DEM simulations and validations

5.3.3 DEM predicted MFB hydrodynamics

5.4 A brief discussion and future perspective
Nomenclature
References

6: Micro reactors for thermal analysis of gas-solids thermochemical reactions

6.1 Thermal analysis approaches

6.1.1 Thermochemical reaction pathways

6.1.2 General requirements for thermal analysis approaches

6.2 Micro reactors for thermal analysis

6.2.1 General approaches and requirements

6.2.2 Classification of micro reactors

6.3. Furnace heating micro reactors

6.3.1 Micro fixed bed reactor

6.3.2 Gas pulsed microreactor

6.3.3 Thermogravimetric analyzer

6.3.4 The single and tandem μ-reactors

6.3.5 Drop-tube reactor

6.3.6 Catalyst cell fluidized bed reactor

6.4 Resistively heated micro reactors

6.4.1 Wire mesh reactor

6.4.2 Curie point reactor

6.4.3 Pulse-heated analysis of solid reaction reactor

6.4.4 Microprobe reactor

6.5 Particle bed heating micro reactors

6.5.1 Micro spouted bed reactor

6.5.2 Micro fluidized bed reactor

6.6. Other non-resistively heating micro reactors

6.6.1 Microwave microreactor

6.6.2 Laser ablation reactor

6.6.3 Thermal plasma reactor

6.7. Remarks
Nomenclature
References

7: System of micro fluidized bed reaction analysis

7.1 System configurations

7.1.1 Micro fluidized bed reaction analysis system configuration

7.1.2 Micro fluidized bed reactor design

7.1.3 Solid sample feeding method

7.1.4 Liquid sample feeding method

7.1.5 Online gas sampling and analysis

7.1.6 Online particle sampling

7.1.7 Change of reaction atmosphere

7.2 Kinetic data analysis

7.2.1 Data acquisition

7.2.2 Data processing

7.2.3 Kinetic modelling

7.3 New developments in MFBRA

7.3.1 MFB thermogravimetric analyzer

7.3.2 Induction heating MFB

7.3.3 External force assistance

7.3.4 Micro spouted bed reaction analyzers

7.3.5 Membrane-assisted micro fluidized beds

7.3.6 Other developments
Nomenclature
References

8: Characteristics of micro fluidized bed reaction analyzers

8.1 Approaching intrinsic kinetics

8.1.1 High heating and cooling rates

8.1.2 Effective suppression of diffusion

8.1.3 Nearly plug flow of gas

8.1.4 Bed homogeneity

8.1.5 Applied kinetics

8.2 Understanding reaction mechanism

8.2.1 Revealing the true character of fast reactions

8.2.2 Detecting intermediary reactions

8.2.3 Decoding the reaction mechanism

8.2.4 Reactions with in/ex situ solid particles

8.2.5 Non-isothermal differentia applications

8.3 Reactions under water vapor atmosphere

8.3.1 High moisture content feedstocks

8.3.2 Reactions with steam as reactants

8.4 Sampling and characterization of solid particles during a reaction process

8.5 Multistage gas−solid reaction processes

8.6 Reaction kinetics under product gas inhibitory atmospheres

8.6.1 Isotope tagging method

8.6.2. Comparisons between micro fluidized bed and thermogravimeter
Nomenclature
References

9: Applications of micro fluidized beds

9.1 Drying

9.2 Adsorption

9.2.1 CO2 capture using capsulated liquid sorbents

9.2.2 CO2 capture using solid adsorbents

9.2.3 CO2 capture by gas-solid reactions

9.3 Catalytic reaction

9.3.1 Catalytic gas reaction

9.3.2 Catalytic gas-solid reaction

9.4 Thermal decomposition

9.4.1 Liquid decomposition

9.4.3 Solid decomposition

9.5 Pyrolysis

9.5.1 Biomass pyrolysis

9.5.2 Coal and oil shale pyrolysis

9.5.3 Blended material pyrolysis

9.6 Thermal cracking

9.7 Gasification

9.7.1 Biomass gasification

9.7.2 Coal gasification

9.7.3 In/ex situ char gasification

9.8 Combustion

9.8.1 Decoupling combustion

9.8.2 Oxy-fuel combustion

9.8.3 Chemical looping combustion

9.8.4 In/ex-situ chart combustion

9.9 Reduction

9.9.1 Iron ore reduction 346

9.9.2 Nitrogen oxide reduction by tar

9.9.3 WO3 reduction-sulfurization

9.10 Other reactions
Nomenclature
References

10 Essential roles of MFBR in industrial development

10.1 Advanced combustion with low-NOx emissions

10.1.1 Low-NOx combustion technologies

10.1.2 Reactivity of char particles

10.1.3 NOx reduction of pyrolysis tar

10.1.4 Pilot experiments

10.1.5 Commercial applications

10.2 Advanced dual bed gasification

10.2.1 Gasification technologies

10.2.2 Reactivity of char gasification

10.2.3 Tar thermal and catalytic cracking

10.2.4 Commercial applications

10.3 Light calcination of magnesite using transported bed

10.3.1 Existing technology and equipment

10.3.2 Kinetic analysis of magnesite calcination

10.3.3 Advanced process with transport bed reactor

10.3.4 Engineering implementation of 400 kt/a process

10.3.5 Typical performance of industrial plant
Nomenclature
References

11 Characterization of liquid-solid micro-fluidized beds

11.1 Introduction

11.2 Hydrodynamics properties

11.2.1 Manufacturing methods

11.2.2 Minimum fluidization velocity

11.2.3 Mixing

11.2.4 Mass transfer

11.3 Applications

11.3.1 Chemical conversions

11.3.2 Bioprocessing and bioproduction

11.3.3 Other applications

11.3.4 Challenges and prospects for MFB scaling-up

11.4 Conclusion
Nomenclature
References

12: Characterization of gas-liquid-solid micro fluidized beds

12.1 Hydrodynamics

12.1.1 Pressure drop

12.1.2 Minimum fluidization velocity

12.1.3 Bed expansion behaviour

12.1.4 Bubble size and distribution

12.1.5 Bubble terminal velocity distribution

12.1.6 Bubble terminal velocity

12.2 Fluidization regime characteristics

12.2.1 Flow regimes

12.2.2 Regime transitions

12.2 Applications

12.2.1 Chemical reactions

1) Photocatalytic degradation of methylene blue (MB)

2) Catalytic oxidation of crotonaldehyde to croconic acid

12.2.2 Other applications

12.3 Summary
Nomenclature
References