Natural, Metal, Fiber, and Macromolecular Carcinogens

General Plan

Preface

Acknowledgments

Part III (Continued) Structure-Activity Relationships of Chemical Carcinogens. Effect of Reactivity, Molecular Geometry, and Metabolism on Carcinogenic Activity

5 . Structure-Activity Relationships

5.3 Naturally Occurring Carcinogens

5.4 Inorganic Carcinogens: Metals, Metalloids, and Other Inorganic Chemicals

5.5 Foreign-Body Carcinogens: Fibers, Silica, and Implants

5.6 Special Topics

5.7 Nonviral Biological Carcinogens and Modifiers of Carcinogenesis

Appendix I: Novel Types of Carcinogens and Updating "News" Items

A. Novel Types of Carcinogens

B. Updating "News" Items

References to Appendix I

Special Reviews Pertaining to Appendix I

Proof-stage Notes to Appendix I

Appendix II: Nitroarenes

Introduction

Occurrence and Formation

Genotoxicity and Mutagenicity in Bacteria

Basis for the Mutagenicity of Nitroarenes in Bacteria

Genotoxicity and Mutagenicity in Mammalian Cells

Metabolism by Mammalian Cells and by Cell-Free Extracts

In Vivo Genotoxicity

Oncogenic Transformation

Carcinogenicity in Animals

Metabolism and Biodisposition in Whole Animals

Nitroarene-Induced Microsomal Monooxygenases

Competition of Nitroarenes with TCDD for Binding Sites

References to Appendix II

Source Book for Appendix II

Appendix III: Mutagens/Carcinogens in Pyrolysates of Amino Acids and Proteins and in Cooked Foods: Heterocyclic Aromatic Amines

Historical Background

Physicochemical Properties

Synthesis

Mutagenicity

Carcinogenicity

Other Biological Properties

Metabolism and Mechanism of Carcinogenesis

Quantification and Human Risk

Future Prospects

References to Appendix III

Source Books and Major Reviews for Appendix III

Appendix IV: Decontamination and Destruction of Chemical Carcinogens

Introduction

Waste Disposal

Handling Considerations

Destruction Procedures

Conclusion

References to Appendix IV

Appendix V: General Principles for the Prediction of Potential Carcinogenic Activity of Chemical Compounds

Introduction

Criteria for Suspecting a Chemical Agent of Having Carcinogenic Activity

Overview of Interactions Determining Tumor Outcome in the Carcinogenic Process

Physical and Chemical Properties Modulating the Carcinogenic Potential of a Chemical Compound

Structural Criteria

Functional Criteria

Possible Use of Artificial Intelligence in the Prediction of Suspected Carcinogens

References to Appendix V

Special Reviews Pertaining to Appendix V

Appendix VI: Evaluation of Scientific Uncertainty: Semantic-Probabilistic View of Narrative Expressions—An Aid to Hazard Assessment

Introduction

Assessing Chemical Hazard

Expressing Chemical Hazard Potential

Assessing the Use of Narrative Probability Expressions

Analysis of the Survey Results

Standardization Scheme

Best Estimate versus Uncertainty: Separating the Assessment into Two Segments

Conclusions

References to Appendix VI

Index

Cumulative Chemicals Index to Volumes IIA-IIIC