Networked Applications

Preface



Chapter 1 Introduction


1.1 A Historical Perspective


1.1.1 Technology View


1.1.2 User and Organization View


1.1.3 Unrelenting Change


1.2 Computing in the Future

Electrification: Lessons from an Earlier Technological Advance


1.3 Bits are the "Atoms" of the Information Economy


1.4 Roadmap to the Book

Any Information Can Be Represented By Bits

Further Reading




Chapter 2 The Applications


2.1 Users, Organizations, and Applications


2.1.1 Before Networking


2.1.2 After Networking


2.2 Application Building Blocks


2.3 Social Applications


2.3.1 Characteristics of User Groups


2.3.2 Styles of Social Applications


2.3.3 Remote Conferencing with Shared Workspace


2.3.4 Groupware

Collaborative Authoring


2.3.5 Discussion Forums

Calendar and Scheduling

Newsgroups


2.3.6 Cyberspace Applications

World Wide Web


2.3.7 Back to the Big Picture


2.4 Information Management


2.4.1 Finding Useful Information


2.4.2 Autonomous Information Sources


2.5 Education and Training

Role of Push and Pull in Work Groups


2.6 Business Applications


2.6.1 Departmental Applications


2.6.2 Enterprise Applications

SAP: Largest ERP Vendor

Data Warehouses and Data Mining


2.6.3 Cross-Enterprise Applications: Electronic Commerce

Legacy Applications and the Year 2000 Problem

Dell Computer and Mass Customization


2.6.4 Consumer Applications


2.7 Similarity of Social Systems and Networked Computing

amazon.com: On-Line Merchant


2.8 Open Issues


2.8.1 The Productivity Quandary


2.8.2 How Are New Business Applications Invented and Developed?


2.8.3 The Glut of Information and Communications


2.8.4 Accommodating Change

Further Reading




Chapter 3 Computers, Networks, and Organizations


3.1 Computing Systems


3.1.1 The System Architecture


3.1.2 Decomposition of Systems


3.1.3 Hosts and the Network


3.2 Client/Server Computing


3.2.1 Two-Tier Client/Server


3.2.2 Three-Tier Client/Server


3.2.3 Thin and Ultrathin Clients


3.2.4 The Future of Client/Server

Data Warehouses and OLAP

An Ultrathin Client: The Network Computer (NC)


3.3 Internet, Intranet, Extranet


3.3.1 Intranets


3.3.2 Extranets


3.3.3 Internet Applications


3.4 Networked Computing and the Organization


3.4.1 Rationale for Networked Computing


3.4.2 The Application Life Cycle


3.5 Open Issues: What Lies beyond Client/Server Computing?

Further Reading




Chapter 4 Software Architecture and Standardization


4.1 What Makes a Good Architecture


4.1.1 Decomposition and Modularity


4.1.2 Granularity and Hierarchy


4.1.3 Interfaces: The Module's Face to the World


4.1.4 Abstraction

Example of Abstraction: The Flora


4.1.5 Encapsulation


4.1.6 Modularity and Interfaces in Computing


4.2 Architecture of the Software Infrastructure


4.2.1 Goals of the Infrastructure


4.2.2 Layering

A Layered View of the Life and Social Sciences


4.3 Standardization


4.3.1 Reference Models and Interfaces

Standardization within Applications


4.3.2 Organization of the Standardization Process

International Organization for Standardization (ISO)


4.3.3 Control and Enforcement of Standards

Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF)




Chapter 5 Industry and Government


5.1 Participants, Products, and Services


5.1.1 Types of Suppliers


5.1.2 Types of Consumers


5.1.3 Types of Information Goods


5.1.4 Types of Software Goods


5.1.5 Equipment: The Component Model


5.2 Changes in Industry Structure


5.2.1 From Stovepipe to Layering


5.2.2 Less Vertical Integration and More Diversification

Dell as Subsystem Integrator

Information Appliances


5.2.3 Venture Capital and Start-up Companies


5.2.4 Computing/Communications Convergence


5.3 Obstacles to Change


5.3.1 The Network Effect


5.3.2 Lock-In

The Success of the Web

The Value of Consumer Lock-In to a Supplier


5.3.3 Path-Dependent Effects

Microsoft vs. Everybody Else


5.4 Challenges for Suppliers


5.4.1 Properties of Information


5.4.2 How Software Differs from Information


5.4.3 Protecting Investments with Intellectual Property


5.4.4 Selling Content and Software

Are Shrink-Wrapped Applications Poor Quality and Overfeatured?


5.5 Government Roles


5.5.1 Protecting Intellectual Property

Intellectual Property as a Strategic Tool


5.5.2 Government Policies and Laws

Patents and Standardization


5.6 Open Issues


5.6.1 How Is the Industry Organized?


5.6.2 Sovereignty and the Global Internet


5.6.3 The Language of the Internet


5.6.4 Archiving Digital Information


5.6.5 A New Partnership

Further Reading




Chapter 6 Application Software


6.1 Some Overriding Issues


6.1.1 Software Complexity


6.1.2 Acquiring an Application


6.1.3 Development Methodology: Decomposition vs. Assembly


6.1.4 Software Reuse

Component Standards


6.1.5 Location of Data and Computation


6.2 Tightly Coupled Data and Processing Models


6.2.1 Object-Oriented Programming

Modeling and Representation


6.2.2 Software Components and Frameworks

Components, Frameworks, and the Industrial Revolution


6.3 Loosely Coupled Data and Processing


6.3.1 Database Management

Extending Databases to Objects: ORDBMS and ODBMS


6.3.2 Document Management: XML

eXtensible Markup Language (XML)

Further Reading




Chapter 7 Communications Support for Applications


7.1 Algorithms, Protocols, and Policies


7.2 Abstract Communication Services


7.2.1 Message Service

The Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP)

Is a Message Delivered for Sure?


7.2.2 Message with Reply Service


7.2.3 Timing and Concurrency


7.2.4 The Session


7.2.5 The Broadcast


7.3 Internet Communication Services


7.3.1 Internet Protocol (IP)


7.3.2 User Datagram Protocol (UDP)


7.3.3 Transmission Control Protocol (TCP)

RMI Is Layered on Messages


7.3.4 Internet Inter-ORB Protocol (IIOP)


7.3.5 Multimedia Sessions

Internet Streaming Message Protocols

Further Reading




Chapter 8 Trustworthiness: Reliability and Security


8.1 The Facets of Trustworthiness


8.1.1 Program and System Correctness

Diversity, Reliability, and Security


8.1.2 Security: Countering External Threats

Uses of Data Replication

Availability, Security, and the Market

Computer Viruses


8.2 Computer and Network Security Measures


8.2.1 Encryption Ensures Confidentiality


8.2.2 Authentication

Certificates and a National Identity Card


8.2.3 Message Integrity and Nonrepudiation


8.2.4 Combining Techniques


8.2.5 Security Policies

Legal Sanctions


8.3 Electronic Payments


8.3.1 On-Line Credit Card Systems

Questions about Digital Cash


8.4 Open Issues

Privacy and Anonymous Digital Cash


8.4.1 How Do We Deal with Increasing vulnerability?


8.4.2 National Security and Law Enforcement Needs


8.4.3 Individual Privacy


8.4.4 Theft and Piracy of Software and Information

Further Reading




Chapter 9 Middleware Can Assist the Application


9.1 Message-Oriented Middleware as an Aid to Workflow


9.2 Transaction Processing


9.2.1 Example of the Challenges: Travel Reservations


9.2.2 What Is a Transaction?


9.2.3 Transaction Processing Architecture

The ACID Properties of Transactions

Open Transaction Processing Standards


9.3 Mobile Code and Mobile Agents


9.3.1 Interactivity and Scalability

Mobile Code, Agents, and Objects


9.3.2 Interoperability

Mobile Code and Network Effects


9.3.3 Mobile Agents


9.3.4 Mobile Code and Agent Middleware

Java and Information Appliances


9.4 Distributed Object Management

Java as a De Facto Standard


9.4.1 One DOM Standard: CORBA

Java and Security


9.4.2 Services Offered by DOM

Competing Distributed Object Visions: DCOM and CORBA


9.4.3 Interoperability among ORBs: IIOP


9.5 Open Issue: Are Middleware Service Providers Needed?

The OMG Process

Further Reading

Portability vs. Interoperability




Chapter 10 Performance and Quality


10.1 Performance and Quality Metrics


10.1.1 Performance


10.1.2 Quality


10.1.3 Factors in Performance and Quality


10.2 The Role of Concurrency


10.2.1 Concurrency with Multiple Hosts


10.2.2 Concurrency in a Single Host

Different Forms of Multitasking


10.2.3 Resource Conflicts and Transactions

Why Networks Use Packets


10.3 Scalability

Scalability in Production


10.3.1 Blocking


10.3.2 Duplicated Work


10.3.3 Faulty Load Balancing


10.3.4 Congestion


10.3.5 The Role of Application Architecture in Scalability


10.3.6 Mobile Code and Scalability

Today's Operating Systems


10.4 Operating Systems

Operating Systems and Winner-Take-All Effects

Further Reading




Chapter 11 Networks


11.1 Functions of a Network


11.1.1 Sharing: Statistical Multiplexing

Origins of the Internet


11.1.2 Packet Forwarding and Routing


11.1.3 Name Services

Simulcast and Multicast


11.1.4 Flow Control


11.1.5 Congestion Control

The Value of a Name


11.2 Quality of Service (QoS)

Congestion and Network Externalities


11.2.1 The Internet Transport Protocols and QoS

Cost of a Congestion Control Infrastructure


11.2.2 Integrated Services


11.2.3 Pricing Network Services

The Evolution of the Internet


11.3 Network Security


11.3.1 Secure and Insecure Authentication


11.3.2 Security Flaws in Public Servers


11.3.3 Firewalls and Packet Filtering

Today's Internet Pricing

Firewalls Limit Innovation


11.3.4 Where to Use Encryption and Authentication


11.4 Open Issues


11.4.1 The Future of the Internet


11.4.2 Making Money on the Internet

Further Reading



Chapter 12 Communications


12.1 Communications Service Providers


12.1.1 Communications Regulation


12.2 Current Developments in Data Communications


12.2.1 Broadband Network Access for Residences


12.2.2 Nomadic and Untethered Internet Access

Internet Roaming


12.2.3 IP Telephony

Wireless Access Protocol (WAP)


12.2.4 Integrated IP Networks


12.3 Impact of a Communications Link


12.3.1 Impact on Message Latency

Fiber Optics and Optical Networking


12.3.2 Mitigating Communications Bottlenecks

Caching and Copyright Law


12.4 Open Issues


12.4.1 Is Communications Regulation Needed?


12.4.2 Regulation of the Internet

Further Reading

JPEG and MPEG




Glossary




References