Oil Spill Detection, Identification, and Tracing

1 Introduction

1.1 Background

1.1.1 Causes and characteristics of oil spills on water

1.1.2 Status and trends

1.2 A review on oil spill detection and identification

1.3 A review on oil spill tracing. This chapter introduces the research background of monitoring, identification, and tracing of oil spills on water, the status and development trend of related technologies.

2 Theoretical bases

2.1 Basis of electromagnetic wave

2.1.1 Properties of electromagnetic wave

2.1.2 Categories of electromagnetic wave

2.1.3 Basic law of electromagnetic radiation

2.2 Basic terminology of remote sensing

2.2.1 Observation angle

2.2.2 Terminology of radiation

2.1.3 Polarization This chapter introduces the basic theories and terminologies of electromagnetic waves and radiation that are necessary to appreciate remote sensing technology discussed in the following chapters.

3 Oil spill detection based on passive optical remote sensing

3.1 Remote sensors and sensing platforms

3.2 Basic principles of passive optical remote sensing

3.2.1 Solar radiation

3.2.2 Transmission of visible light in the atmosphere

3.2.3 Interaction between visible light and oil film

3.3 Basic principles of infrared remote sensing

3.3.1 Infrared radiation

3.3.2 Interaction between infrared radiation and the atmosphere

3.3.3 Infrared radiation of the oil film

3.4 Oil spill identification and extraction technology using optical remote sensing

3.4.1 Spectral analysis and identification

3.4.2 Oil spill extraction from imagery

3.4.3 Spectral unmixing This chapter introduces the principle of passive optical remote sensing for oil spill monitoring, the method of extracting spectral features, and hyperspectral data unmixing methods.

4 Oil spill detection based on active optical remote sensing

4.1 Remote sensors and sensing platforms

4.1.1 Airborne LIF oil spill detection and identification system

4.1.2 Portable LIF oil spill detection and identification system

4.2 Basic principles of active optical remote sensing

4.2.1 Principles of LIF

4.2.2 Influence factors of LIF

4.3 Oil spill detection based on LIF

4.3.1 Fluorometric spectral analysis

4.3.2 Spectrum feature extraction

4.3.3 Oil types - identification based on LIF This chapter introduces the principle of laser-induced fluorescence for oil spill detection and identification. Some typical methods of fluorometric spectral analysis are also discussed.

5 Oil spill detection based on marine radar

5.1 Remote sensors and sensing platforms

5.2 Basic principles of marine radar

5.3 Oil spills and its effects on radar images

5.4 Oil spill extraction based on marine radar

5.4.1 Radar image processing

5.4.2 Oil spill information extraction This chapter introduces the principle of marine radar and its application in oil spill detection. The whole process of oil spill extraction in radar image, including coordinate transformation, signal denoising, threshold determination, oil spill extraction algorithms are described.

6 Oil spill detection based on SAR

6.1 Remote sensors and sensing platforms

6.2 Basic principles of SAR

6.2.1 SAR imaging

6.2.2 Polarized SAR

6.2.3 Influence factors on polarized SAR imaging

6.3 Oil spill extraction based on SAR

6.3.1 SAR image processing 6.3.2 SAR image segmentation

6.3.3 Oil spill extraction using single-polarized SAR

6.3.4 Oil spill extraction using dual-polarized SAR

6.3.5 Oil spill extraction using fully polarized SAR

6.3.6 Distinguishing looks-alike target in SAR image This chapter introduces the principle of SAR and its application in oil spill detection, and especially emphasizes the application and comparison of single-, dual- and fully- polarized SAR technology.

7 Oil spill detection based on GNSS-R

7.1 Remote sensors and sensing platforms

7.2 Oil spill extraction based on SAR

7.2.1 Normalized bistatic radar cross section of sea surface

7.2.2 Mean surface slope model of oil polluted sea surface

7.2.3 Delay-Doppler Map of oil polluted sea surface This chapter introduces the principle of GNSS-R and its application in oil spill detection. Several different models for oil spill detection are introduced and discussed.

8 Oil spill traceability technology

8.1 Ecological effect of oil spill

8.2 Tracing technology of oil spill

8.3 Stable isotope fingerprint of oil pollutants This chapter introduces the ecological effect of oil spills on oceanic environment, current studies on oil spill fingerprinting methods, and the application of stable isotope technology in oil spill tracing.
　　
9 Case study: Routine surveillance of the oil spills in coastal environments

9.1 Early alarms of oil spills in coastal environments

9.2 LIF device design

9.3 Monitoring sites

9.4 Routine surveillance in the port and drilling platform This chapter introduces the application of LIF device for the early alarms of oil spills in coastal environments.

Chapter 10 Case study: Oil spill extraction in spaceborne dual-polarized SAR imagery

10.1 Scattering mechanism of oil film on the sea surface

10.1.1 Signal-to-noise ratio in SAR system

10.1.2 Scattering mechanism of polarized SAR system

10.2 Oil spill detection algorithm based on the edge advantage characteristics of multi-temporal ROI

10.2.1 Wind field inversion

10.2.2 ROI extraction method based on potential dark regions

10.2.3 Analysis and comparison of advantages of different boundaries

10.3 Experimental area and data source

10.4 Spatial distribution and time series change results of oil spill in multi-temporal dual-polarized SAR

11 Case study: Tracing illegal oil discharge from ships

11.1 Oil spill detection from SAR images

11.2 Elimination of look-alikes

11.3 Tracing the source of spills using AIS This chapter introduces an application case where spaceborne SAR was combined with AIS to trace illegal oil discharge from ship.

12 Case study: Remotely monitoring oil storage facilities

12.1 Oil tank detection in optical remote sensing images

12.1.1 Classic image processing and machine learning algorithm

12.1.2 Oil tank detection based on deep learning algorithm

12.1.3 Delay-Doppler Map of oil polluted sea surface

12.2 Calculating the height of oil tank

12.2.1 Spatial geometry between shadow and building

12.2.2 Image shadow length calculation

12.3 Estimating the volume of oil tank and risks of oil spills This chapter introduces a feasible way to remotely monitor the oil storage facilities and estimate the risks of oil spills.

Chapter 13 Case study: Oil spill tracing based on stable carbon isotope of petroleum hydrocarbons

13.1 Theoretical basis of stable carbon isotope of petroleum hydrocarbon

13.1.1 Stable carbon isotope

13.1.2 Isotope fractionation

13.1.3 Standard stable carbon isotope ratio

13.2 Stable isotope analysis of oil spill

13.2.1 General methodology

13.2.2 Stable carbon isotope fingerprint identification system for spilled oil on water

13.2.3 Oil sample collection

13.2.4 Data processing and analysis

13.3 Analysis of n-alkane composition

13.3.1 Distribution of n-alkanes in crude oil

13.3.2 Distribution of n-alkanes in fuel

13.3.3 Distribution of n-alkanes in oil mixture

13.4 Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) composition

13.4.1 Analysis of PAHs in crude oil samples

13.4.2 Analysis of PAHs in fuel

13.5 Comparative analysis of crude oil and fuel oil samples

13.5.1 Stable carbon isotope analysis of n-alkane components in crude oil and fuel oil samples

13.5.2 Stable carbon isotope analysis of PAHs in crude oil and fuel oil samples