Osmosis Engineering

Chapter 1: Basic Principles of Osmosis and Osmotic Pressure

1.1 Introduction

1.2 What is Osmotic Pressure?

1.3 Relation of Osmotic Pressure to Other Colligative Properties1.3.1 Freezing Point Depression

1.3.2 Boiling Point Elevation1.4 Origins of Osmotic Pressure in Solution

1.5 Osmotic Flow

1.6 Reflection Coefficient

Chapter 2: Fundamentals and application of reverse osmosis membrane processes

21.1 Introduction

2.22. Principles of RO2.2.1. Definition of osmotic pressure and RO2.2.2. Theoretical minimum energy for separation from osmotic pressure

2.2.3. Permeation mechanism and equations in the RO process2.2.4 Concentration polarization

2.2.5. Mass balance and pressure drop equations in the RO process

2.2.6. Energy consumption in the RO process2.3. RO system and design

2.3.1. Single-stage/pass BWRO

2.3.2. Two/multistage BWRO

2.3.3. Single-stage/pass SWRO

2.3.4. Two-stage SWRO

2.3.5. Two-pass SWRO

2.3.5.1 Full two pass

2.3.5.2 Partial second pass

2.3.5.3 Split partial second pass

2.3.6. Internally staged design (ISD)

2.3.7. Pressure-center design2.4. RO fouling

2.4.1. Particulate/colloidal fouling

2.4.2. Organic fouling

2.4.3. Biofouling

2.4.4. Scaling2.5. Detection of RO fouling potential

2.5.1. Silt density index (SDI)

2.5.2. Modified fouling index (MFI)2.6. Mitigation of RO fouling

2.6.1. Pretreatment processes

2.6.2. Membrane maintenance

Chapter 3: Principles of Nanofiltration Membrane Processes3.1. Introduction

3.2. Basic Principle of NF Membrane Separation Process3.2.1 Steric Effect

3.2.2 Donnan Effect

3.2.3 Dielectric Effect

3.2.4 Transport Effect

3.2.5 Adsorption Effect3.3. Synthesis and Modification of NF Membrane

3.3.1 Phase inversion

3.3.2 Interfacial Polymerization

3.3.2.1 Monomer

3.2.2.2 Additives

3.3.2.3 Others

3.3.3 Grafting Polymerization

3.3.3.1 UV/ photo-grafting

3.3.3.2 EB irradiation

3.3.3.3 Plasma treatment

3.3.3.4 LBL3.4. Design and Operation of NF Process

3.4.1 Module Design

3.4.2 Operation3.5. Limitation of the NF Membrane Applications

3.5.1 Concentration Polarization and Membrane Fouling

3.5.2 Factors Affectingof Membrane Fouling

3.5.3 Fouling Mitigation

3.5.3.1 Passive Fouling Control

3.5.3.2 Active Fouling Control3.6 Conclusions

Chapter 4. Recent Development in Nanofiltration Process Applications

4.1 Introduction

4.2 Applications of Nanofiltration Membrane Process4.2.1 Water and Wastewater

4.2.2 Desalination

4.2.3 Food Industry

4.2.4 Biorefinery Applications

4.2.5 Organic Solvent Nanofiltration

4.3 Conclusions

Chapter 5: Principles of Forward Osmosis

5.1 Introduction

5.2 Water flux in FO

5.3 Practical challenges in FO process5.3.1 Concentration polarization

5.3.1.1 External concentration polarization (ECP)

5.3.1.2 Internal concentration polarization (ICP)

5.3.2 Reverse solute flux

Chapter 6: Recent developments in forward osmosis (FO) and its implication in expanding applications

6.1 Introduction

6.2 Forward osmosis (FO)6.2.1 Theoretical background

6.2.2. Process description6.3 Technological Factors

6.3.1 FO membrane

6.3.2. Draw solution6.4. Understanding of fouling in FO

6.4.1. Operation without hydraulic pressure

6.4.2. Bidirectional diffusion

6.4.3 Fouling control and cleaning in FO6.5. Exploiting advantages of FO in its applications

6.5.1. Feed concentration process with high water recovery

6.5.1.1. High-quality product

6.5.1.2. Effective resource recovery

6.5.1.3. Minimal environmental impact

6.5.2. Draw dilution process with lower energy consumption

6.5.2.1. Standalone FO system: direct use

6.5.2.2. Hybrid FO systems

6.5.2.2.1. Indirect desalting process along with wastewater reclamation

6.5.2.2.1. Direct desalting process for draw solute recovery6.6 Conclusions and perspectives

Chapter 7: Principle and theoretical background of pressure retarded osmosis process

7.1 Introduction

7.2 Theory and modelling of osmotic pressure 7.2.1 Pitzer model for osmotic pressure

7.2.2 Laar’s model for osmotic pressure

7.2.3 Water and solute activities

7.2.4 Newton– Raphson method for osmotic pressure7.3 Osmotic power generation

7.3.1 Van’t Hoff model for Gibbs free energy

7.3.2 Piston model for Gibbs energy and energy density7.4 Dual- and Multi-stage PRO process

Chapter 8: Application of PRO process for seawater and wastewater treatment: Assessment of membrane performance

8.1 Introduction

8.2 Modelling PRO process 8.2.1 Water flux and extractable power

8.2.2 Reverse solute flux

8.2.3 Concentration polarization

8.2.3.1 Internal concentration polarization

8.2.3.2 External concentration polarization8.3. Membrane Development

8.3.1 Performance of RO flat sheet membranes

8.3.2 Performance of FO flat sheet membranes

8.3.3 Performance of TFC flat sheet membranes

8.3.4 Performance of nanofibre supported flat sheet membranes

8.3.5 Performance of hollow fibre membranes8.4 Applications in seawater and wastewater treatment

8.4.1 Individual PRO pilot plant

8.4.2 Hybrid PRO processes

8.4.2.1 RO-PRO system

8.4.2.2 PRO-FO system

8.4.2.3 PRO-MD system

8.4.2.4 NF-PRO system8.5 Conclusions and future research needs

Chapter 9: Osmotic distillation and osmotic membrane distillation for the treatment of different feed solutions

9.1 Introduction

9.2 Membranes used in OD & OMD processes

9.3 Osmotic solutions used in OD & OMD processes

9.4 Mechanism of transport in OD and OMD: Temperature polarization, concentration polarization and theoretical models9.4.1. Mass transfer through the membrane

9.4.2. Heat transfer in OD and OMD

9.4.3. Heat and mass transfer boundary layers: Temperature and concentration polarization effects in OD and OMD9.5. OD & OMD Applications and effects of different involved operating parameters

9.5.1. Temperature effect

9.5.2 Flowrate Effect

9.5.3 Osmotic solution effect9.6. Conclusions

Chapter 10: Thermo-osmosis (TO)

10.1 Introduction and a brief historical review

10.2. Membranes for TO10.3. Electrolyte solutions used in TO

10.4. Theoretical studies developed for TO10.4.1. TO and linear irreversible thermodynamics processes (ITP)

10.4.2. TO using intermolecular interactions

10.4.3. TO for energy conversion

10.5 Applications of TO process

Chapter 11: The Applications of Integrated Osmosis Processes for Desalination and Wastewater Treatment

11.1 Introduction11.2 Osmosis Processes11.2.1 Integration of Osmosis Processes

11.3 Integrated osmosis process for desalination11.3.1 Integration of RO process

11.3.1.1 RO-AD and RO-NF

11.3.1.2 MF-RO, UF-RO, NF-RO

11.3.1.3 RO-PRO

11.3.2 Integration of FO process

11.3.2.1 FO-RO

11.3.2.2 FO-MD

11.3.2.3 FO-UF and FO-NF

11.3.3 Integration of PRO process

11.3.3.1 PRO-RO

11.3.3.2 PRO-MD

11.4 Integrated osmosis process for wastewater treatment11.4.1 Integration of RO process

11.4.1.1 MF-RO, UF-RO, NF-RO

11.4.2 Integration of FO process

11.4.2.1 FO-RO

11.4.2.2 FO-MD

11.4.4.3 FO-NF

11.4.3 Integration of PRO process

11.4.3.1 PRO-RO

11.4.3.2 UF-PRO, NF-PRO 11.5 Future Outlook and Conclusions

Chapter 12: Development and Implementations of Integrated Osmosis System

12.1 Introduction 12.2 Development of Integrated Osmosis System12.2.1 Reverse Osmosis-Forward Osmosis (FO-RO)

12.2.2 Reverse Osmosis – Membrane Distillation (RO-MD)

12.2.3 Forward Osmosis – Membrane Distillation (FO-MD)

12.3 Implementation of Integrated Osmosis System12.3.1 Integrated FO-RO system

12.3.2 Integrated RO-MD system

12.3.3 Integrated FO-MD system

12.4 Conclusion and Future Research DirectionsConclusions