Recrystallization and Related Annealing Phenomena

Chapter headings and selected sections: Introduction. The annealing of a deformed material. Historical perspective. Forces pressures and units. The Deformed State. Introduction. The stored energy of cold work. The microstructure of deformed metals. Deformation textures. The Structure and Energy of Grain Boundaries. Introduction. The orientation relationship between grains. Low angle grain boundaries. High angle grain boundaries. The topology of boundaries and grains. The interaction of second-phase particles with boundaries. The Mobility and Migration of Boundaries. Introduction. The mobility of low angle boundaries. Measurements of the mobility of high angle boundaries. Theories of the mobility of high angle boundaries. Recovery After Deformation. Introduction. Experimental measurements of recovery. Dislocation migration and annihilation during recovery. Rearrangement of dislocations into stable arrays. Subgrain coarsening. The effect of second-phase particles on recovery. Extended recovery and continuous recrystallization. Recrystallization of Single-Phase Alloys. Introduction. Factors affecting the rate of recrystallization. The formal kinetics of primary recrystallization. Recrystallization kinetics in real materials. The recrystallized microstructure. The nucleation of recrystallization. Annealing twins. Recrystallization of Ordered Materials. Introduction. Ordered structures. Recovery and recrystallization of ordered materials. Dynamic recrystallization. Controversial areas. Recrystallization of Two-Phase Alloys. Introduction. The deformed microstructure. The observed effects of particles on recrystallization. Particle stimulated nucleation of recrystallization. Particle pinning during recrystallization (Zener drag). Bimodal particle distributions. Control of grain size by particles. Particulate metal-matrix composites. The interaction of precipitation and recrystallization. The recrystallization of duplex alloys. Grain Growth Following Recrystallization. Introduction. The development of theories and models of grain growth. Grain orientation and texture effects during grain growth. The effect of second-phase particles on grain growth. Abnormal grain growth. Recrystallization Textures. Introduction. Recrystallization textures in fcc metals. Recrystallization textures in bcc metals. Recrystallization textures in hexagonal metals. Texture development during grain growth. Recrystallization textures in multiphase alloys. Theories of recrystallization textures. Recovery and Recrystallization During and After Hot Deformation. Softening by dynamic recovery. Dynamic recrystallization. Other mechanisms of dynamic recrystallization. Dynamic recrystallization in single crystals. Dynamic recrystallization in minerals. Annealing after hot deformation. Control of Recrystallization. Introduction. The production of aluminium beverage cans. Recent developments in low carbon, deep drawing steels. Recent developments in grain oriented, silicon steel sheets. Commercial superplastic aluminium alloys. Computer Modelling and Simulation of Annealing. Introduction. Micro models. Macro models. Appendix. Representation of texture. Measurement of macrotextures. Measurement of microtextures.