Solvent Extraction in Flame Spectroscopic Analysis

PrefaceThe Role of Solvent Extraction in Flame Spectrometric Analysis Flame Emission Spectrometry Atomic Absorption Spectrometry Atomic Fluorescence Spectrometry Other Uses of Solvent Extraction in Flame Spectrometry Existing Applications of Solvent Extraction in Flame Spectrometry References Solvents Suitable for Flame Spectrometry Nebulization Rate Nebulization Efficiency Solvent Combustion Characteristics Solvent Toxicity and Handling Characteristics Salting Out High Extraction Efficiency Solvent Availability and Purity The Final Choice Solvents for Use with Electrothermal Atomizers Flame-Heated Cups and Boats Solvent Extractants as Liquid Fuels Some Comments on Solvent Nomenclature Ketones Esters Alcohols Ethers Aliphatic Hydrocarbons Aromatic Hydrocarbons Nitro-Compounds Chlorinated Solvents Other Solvents 38ConclusionsReferencesSome theoretical aspects Partition Coefficient Distribution Ratio Percentage Extraction Extraction Systems Effect of pH on Chelate Extraction Systems Metal Chelates as Extractants Observations on Possible Interference Mechanisms Kinetic Aspects Importance of Temperature Flame Spectrometry in the Investigation of Extraction Systems ReferencesSome Practical Spects Apparatus Requirements Need for Rigid pH Control Factors Governing Choice of Extraction Ratio Salting Out Sample Handling and Preparation Contamination Losses of Trace Elements Some Side-Effects of Solvent Extraction Optimization of Flame Conditions Handling and Storage of Organic Solvents Preparation of Standards and Blanks Stability of Reagents and Standards Drying and Centrifugation of Extracts Methods of Improving Selectivity Checking Recovery Methods for Studying Solvent Enhancement Effects ReferencesApplications Aluminum Antimony Arsenic Barium Beryllium Bismuth Boron Bromine Cadmium Cesium Calcium Cerium Chlorine Chromium Cobalt Copper Fluorine Gallium Germanium Gold Hafnium Indium Iodine Iridium Iron Lead Lithium Magnesium Manganese Mercury Molybdenum Nickel Niobium Osmium Palladium Phosphorus Platinum Rare Earths Rhenium Rhodium Ruthenium Scandium Selenium Silicon Silver Strontium Tantalum Tellurium Thallium Thorium Tin Titanium Tungsten Uranium Vanadium Yttrium Zinc ZirconiumReferences Scope for Future Applications and Developments Special Facilities Pulse Nebulization Safety Aspects Alternative Techniques The Need for a Systematic Approach A Cautionary NoteIndex