Structured Light and Its Applications

Table of Contents

Author Affiliations

Preface

Chapter 1: Introduction to Phase-Structured Electromagnetic Waves

1.1 INTRODUCTION

1.2 LAGUERRE–GAUSSIAN BEAMS AND ORBITAL ANGULAR MOMENTUM

1.3 BESSEL AND MATHIEU BEAMS

1.4 GENERAL SOLUTION OF THE WAVE EQUATION

1.5 CLASSICAL OR QUANTUM?

1.6 CREATING LAGUERRE–GAUSSIAN BEAMS WITH LENSES AND HOLOGRAMS

1.7 COHERENCE: SPATIAL AND TEMPORAL

1.8 TRANSFORMATIONS BETWEEN BASIS SETS

1.9 CONCLUSION

Chapter 2: Angular Momentum and Vortices in Optics

2.1 INTRODUCTION

2.2 CLASSICAL ANGULAR MOMENTUM OF FIELDS AND PARTICLES

2.3 SEPARATION OF RADIATIVE ANGULAR MOMENTUM IN L AND S

2.4 MULTIPOLE FIELDS AND THEIR VORTEX STRUCTURE

2.5 ANGULAR MOMENTUM OF MONOCHROMATIC PARAXIAL BEAMS

2.6 QUANTUM DESCRIPTION OF PARAXIAL BEAMS

2.7 NONMONOCHROMATIC PARAXIAL BEAM

2.8 OPERATOR DESCRIPTION OF CLASSICAL PARAXIAL BEAMS

2.9 DYNAMICS OF OPTICAL VORTICES

2.10 CONCLUSION

Chapter 3: Singular Optics and Phase Properties

3.1 FUNDAMENTAL PHASE SINGULARITIES

3.2 BEAMS WITH COMPOSITE VORTICES

3.3 NONINTEGER VORTEX BEAMS

3.4 PROPAGATION DYNAMICS

3.5 CONCLUSIONS

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

Chapter 4: Nanoscale Optics: Interparticle Forces

4.1 INTRODUCTION

4.2 QED DESCRIPTION OF OPTICALLY INDUCED PAIR FORCES

4.3 OVERVIEW OF APPLICATIONS

4.4 DISCUSSION

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

Chapter 5: Near-Field Optical Micromanipulation

5.1 INTRODUCTION

5.2 THEORETICAL CONSIDERATIONS FOR NEAR-FIELD TRAPPING

5.3 EXPERIMENTAL GUIDING AND TRAPPING OF PARTICLES IN THE NEAR FIELD

5.4 EMERGENT THEMES IN THE NEAR FIELD

5.5 CONCLUSIONS

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

Chapter 6: Holographic Optical Tweezers

6.1 BACKGROUND

6.2 EXAMPLE RATIONALE FOR CONSTRUCTING EXTENDED ARRAYS OF TRAPS

6.3 EXPERIMENTAL DETAILS

6.4 ALGORITHMS FOR HOLOGRAPHIC OPTICAL TRAPS

6.5 THE FUTURE OF HOLOGRAPHIC OPTICAL TWEEZERS

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

Chapter 7: Atomic and Molecular Manipulation Using Structured Light

7.1 INTRODUCTION

7.2 A BRIEF OVERVIEW

7.3 TRANSFER OF OAM TO ATOMS AND MOLECULES

7.4 DOPPLER FORCES AND TORQUES

7.5 THE DOPPLER SHIFT

7.6 ROTATIONAL EFFECTS ON LIQUID CRYSTALS

7.7 COMMENTS AND CONCLUSIONS

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

Chapter 8: Optical Vortex Trapping and the Dynamics of Particle Rotation

8.1 INTRODUCTION

8.2 COMPUTATIONAL ELECTROMAGNETIC MODELING OF OPTICAL TRAPPING

8.3 ELECTROMAGNETIC ANGULAR MOMENTUM

8.4 ELECTROMAGNETIC ANGULAR MOMENTUM OF PARAXIAL AND NONPARAXIAL OPTICAL VORTICES

8.5 NONPARAXIAL OPTICAL VORTICES

8.6 TRAPPING IN VORTEX BEAMS

8.7 SYMMETRY AND OPTICAL TORQUE

8.8 ZERO ANGULAR MOMENTUM OPTICAL VORTICES

8.9 GAUSSIAN “LONGITUDINAL” OPTICAL VORTEX

8.10 CONCLUSION

Chapter 9: Rotation of Particles in Optical Tweezers

9.1 INTRODUCTION

9.2 USING INTENSITY SHAPED BEAMS TO ORIENT AND ROTATE TRAPPED OBJECTS

9.3 ANGULAR MOMENTUM TRANSFER TO PARTICLES HELD IN OPTICAL TWEEZERS

9.4 OUT OF PLANE ROTATION IN OPTICAL TWEEZERS

9.5 ROTATION OF HELICALLY SHAPED PARTICLES IN OPTICAL TWEEZERS

9.6 9.6 APPLICATIONS OF ROTATIONAL CONTROL IN OPTICAL TWEEZERS

Chapter 10: Rheological and Viscometric Methods

10.1 INTRODUCTION

10.2 OPTICAL TORQUE MEASUREMENT

10.3 A ROTATING OPTICAL TWEEZERS-BASED MICROVISCOMETER

10.4 APPLICATIONS

10.5 CONCLUSION

Chapter 11: Orbital Angular Momentum in Quantum Communication and Information

11.1 SENDING AND RECEIVING QUANTUM INFORMATION

11.2 EXPLORING THE OAM STATE SPACE

11.3 QUANTUM PROTOCOLS

11.4 CONCLUSIONS AND OUTLOOK

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

Chapter 12: Optical Manipulation of Ultracold Atoms

12.1 BACKGROUND

12.2 OPTICAL FORCES AND ATOM TRAPS

12.3 THE QUANTUM GAS: BOSE–EINSTEIN CONDENSATES

12.4 LIGHT-INDUCED GAUGE POTENTIALS FOR COLD ATOMS

12.5 LIGHT-INDUCED GAUGE POTENTIALS FOR THE Λ SCHEME

12.6 LIGHT-INDUCED GAUGE FIELDS FOR A TRIPOD SCHEME

12.7 ULTRA-RELATIVISTIC BEHAVIOR OF COLD ATOMS IN LIGHT-INDUCED GAUGE POTENTIALS

12.8 FINAL REMARKS

Index

Colour Plate Section