Taxaceae and Cephalotaxaceae

Chapter 1 Biological and Biochemical Research of Taxaceae Medicinal Plants: Road to a Healthier Life

1.1 Introduction and Background

1.2 Molecular phylogeny, taxonomy, and evolution

1.2.1 Molecular phylogeny

1.2.2 Evolution of chloroplast (cp) genome

1.3 Molecular evolution

1.3.1 Cp genes

1.3.2 Nuclear genes

1.3.2.1 TS and DBAT

1.3.2.2 Other paclitaxel (PTX) biosynthetic genes

1.3.2.3 Regulatory gene

1.3.2.4 Other genes and sequences

1.4 Morphological evolution (see Chapter 6 for more details)

1.5 DNA barcoding

1.5.1 Barcoding markers

1.5.2 Super-barcodes

1.6 Genomics

1.6.1 Nuclear genome

1.6.2 Chloroplast genome

1.7 Transcriptomics

1.7.1 Technology development

1.7.2 T. cuspidata

1.7.3 T. mairei

1.7.4 T. chinensis

1.7.5 T. × media

1.7.6 T. yunnanensis

1.7.7 T. baccata

1.7.8 Other species

1.8 Proteomics

1.8.1 T. media

1.8.2 T. mairei

1.9 Metabolism, physiology and metabolomics (see Chapter 2 for more details)

1.9.1 T. mairei

1.9.2 T. × media

1.9.2.1 Elicitors

1.9.2.2 Transgenic lines

1.9.2.3 TFs

1.9.3 T. globosa

1.9.4 T. baccata

1.9.4.1 Elicitors

1.9.4.2 Environmental factors

1.9.4.3 Biosynthetic gene

Chapter 2 Mining Chemodiversity from Biodiversity of Taxus Plants: Chemistry and Chemical Biology

2.1 Introduction and background

2.2 Taxane diterpenoids

2.2.1 T. canadensis

2.2.2 T. baccata

2.2.3 T. mairei

2.2.4 T. wallichiana

2.3 Alkaloids and intermediates

2.3.1 Taxaceae

2.3.2 Non-Taxaceae plants

2.4 Polysaccharide

2.4.1 T. cuspidata

2.4.2 T. yunnanensis

2.4.3 T. mairei

2.5 Flavonoid

Chapter 3 Mining Pharmacotherapy Utility from Chemodiversity/Biodiversity of Taxus Plants

3.1 Introduction and background

3.2 Ethnopharmacological uses

3.2.1 T. wallichiana

3.2.2 T. baccata, T. mairei

3.3 Anti-cancer/sarcoma activity

3.3.1 T. chinensis

3.3.2 T. mairei

3.3.3 T. cuspidata

3.3.4 T. baccata

3.3.5 T. wallichiana

3.3.6 Paclitaxel (PTX, taxol)

3.3.6.1 Prostate cancer

3.3.6.2 Breast cancer

3.3.6.3 Colorectal cancer and other types of cancer

3.3.6.4 Sarcoma

3.3.7 Docetaxel and other taxanes

3.3.8 Flavonoids and related compounds

3.3.9 Polysaccharide

3.3.10 Endophyte (See Chapter 5 for details)

Chapter 4 Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetic Diversity of Taxus Medicinal Compounds

4.1 Introduction and background

4.2 Absorption

4.2.1 Natural taxane: Oral absorption

4.2.2 Semi-synthetic taxane

4.2.3 Other absorption routes

4.2.3.1 Intraperitoneal and implantable drug delivery

4.2.3.2 Vaginal administration

4.2.3.3 Transdermal drug delivery

Chapter 5 Mining Pharmacotherapy Utility from Chemodiversity/Biodiversity of Taxaceae and Cephalotaxaceae Associated Microbes: Molecular Mechanisms and Functions

5.1 Introduction

5.2 Biodiversity of Taxus associated microbes

5.2.1 Endophytic fungi

5.2.1.1 T. media

5.2.1.2 T. mairei

5.2.1.3 T. baccata

5.2.1.4 T. wallichiana

5.2.1.5 T. cuspidata

5.2.2 Endophytic bacteria

5.2.3 Rhizosphere microbes

5.2.4 Phyllosphere microorganisms and fungal pathogen

5.3 Biodiversity of Cephalotaxus, Torreya and Pseudotaxus associated microbes

5.3.1 Endophytes of Cephalotaxus hainanensis

5.3.2 Cephalotaxus harringtonia

5.3.3 Pseudotaxus

5.3.4 Rhizosphere microbes

5.3.5 Pathogen

5.4 Taxane producing microbe from non-Taxus plant: Not a digression

5.4.1 Angiosperm

5.4.1.1 Ascomycota

5.4.1.2 Basidiomycota

5.4.2 Gymnosperm

5.5 Chemodiversity

5.5.1 Alkaloid

5.5.2 Furan derivatives

5.5.3 Terpenoids

5.5.4 Aromatic compounds

5.5.5 Acetogenins

5.5.6 Coumarin and flavonoid

5.5.7 Anthraquinone

5.5.8 Soil chemical properties and enzymes

5.5.9 Other compounds

5.6 Bioactivity

5.6.1 Anticancer and cytotoxic activity

5.6.1.1 Cephalotaxus

5.6.1.2 Paclitaxel

5.6.1.3 Other compounds

5.6.1.4 Fungi extract

5.6.2 Antifungal activity

5.6.2.1 Cephalotaxus associated microbe

5.6.2.2 Taxus associated microbe

5.6.3 Antibacterial activity

5.6.3.1 From Cephalotaxus

5.6.3.2 From Taxus

5.6.4 Antioxidant activity

Chapter 6 Biodiversity, Chemodiversity and Pharmacotherapy of Cephalotaxus Medicinal Plants

6.1 Introduction and background

6.2 Alkaloids

6.2.1 C. lanceolata and C. fortunei var. alpina

6.2.2 C. griffithii

6.2.3 C. hainanensis

6.2.4 Analysis and purification of alkaloids

6.2.5 Chemical synthesis

6.3 Diterpenoids, sesquiterpenoids

6.3.1 Diterpenoids

6.3.2 Sesquiterpenoids

6.4 Flavonoids, lignans and phenolics

6.5 Other components and compounds

6.6 Anticancer activity and cytotoxicity of alkaloids

6.6.1 HT against leukemia

6.6.2 HHT against leukemia

6.6.3 HHT against myeloma

Chapter 7 Biodiversity, Chemodiversity and Pharmacotherapy of Amentotaxus, Pseudotaxus and Torreya Medicinal Plants

7.1 Introduction and background

7.2 Genomics

7.2.1 Amentotaxus

7.2.2 Torreya

7.2.3 Pseudotaxus

7.3 Chemical components

7.3.1 Diterpenoid and triterpenoid

7.3.2 Flavonoid