The Human Electroretinogram
A Diagnostic Guide
- 1st Edition - November 1, 2026
- Latest edition
- Editor: Benedetto Falsini
- Language: English
The Human Electroretinogram: A Diagnostic Guide describes the physiological basis and clinical applications of the human electroretinogram (ERG). Several sub-types of ERGs are ev… Read more
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Description
Description
The Human Electroretinogram: A Diagnostic Guide describes the physiological basis and clinical applications of the human electroretinogram (ERG). Several sub-types of ERGs are evoked by Full-Field stimuli, with characteristics that depend critically on the properties of the stimulus. This book discusses the human retina’s high sensitivity to light and its ability to respond robustly to even single quanta of light. Specifically, it clarifies that the major components of flash ERG, the a-wave and b-wave, are generated by photoreceptors and bipolar cells, respectively. This book explores how changes in light intensity, adaptation, and temporal frequency can alter the contributions of different retinal generators (e.g., rods, cones, and bipolar cell subtypes). In addition to Full Field ERG, other important diagnostic electroretinograms including focal, multifocal, and pattern ERGs are clarified. This book uniquely illustrates the combined use of these ERG tools, allowing clinicians to perform a functional dissection of the retina and achieve a layer-by-layer analysis. The approach of “The Human Electroretinogram: A Diagnostic Guide” correlates with retinal layer evaluations performed using modern multimodal imaging techniques, such as optical coherence tomography (OCT). ERG analysis exemplifies a critically important tool for early diagnosis, follow-up, and treatment monitoring of retinal diseases involving different retinal layers. This book is essential in providing ophthalmological professionals with the know-how to manage the interplay between these numerous elements.
Key features
Key features
- Explains standard protocols for conducting electroretinograms
- Elucidates specific ERG signal alterations in the different retinal dystrophies
- Discusses common challenges in ERG testing and interpretation
- Indicates how ERG results can guide treatment decisions
- Presents recent advancements in ERG technology and techniques
Readership
Readership
Clinical and research retinal specialists
Table of contents
Table of contents
1. The full-field electroretinogram (ERG)
a. ISCEV Standard (include tricks and pearls for recording)
b. Origin of components
c. What is normal? – and interpretation
d. Clinical applications
e. Case studies
2. Specialised full-field ERGs: (some of the) extended protocols
a. PhNR
i. ISCEV extended protocol (include tricks and pearls for recording)
ii. Origin of components
iii. What is normal? – and interpretation
iv. Diagnostic potential
v. Case studies
b. S-Cone ERG
i. ISCEV extended protocol (include tricks and pearls for recording)
ii. Origin of components
iii. What is normal? – and interpretation
iv. Diagnostic potential
v. Case studies
c. On-Off ERG
i. ISCEV extended protocol (include tricks and pearls for recording)
ii. Origin of components
iii. What is normal? – and interpretation
iv. Diagnostic potential
v. Case studies
3. The Pattern ERG
a. ISCEV Standard (include tricks and pearls for recording)
b. Steady-state PERGs (include tricks and pearls for recording)
c. Origin of components (transient and steady-state)
d. What is normal? – and interpretation
e. Clinical applications
f. Case studies
4. Multifocal ERG (mfERG).
a. ISCEV Standard (include tricks and pearls for recording)
b. Origin of components (transient and steady-state)
c. What is normal?
d. Clinical applications
e. fERG perhaps as a sub-section of the mfERG section?
f. Case studies
5. ERGs as biomarkers in clinical trials
a. Entry points and natural histories
b. Safety
c. Principal outcome measures and end points
6. Diagnostic guides (integrates clinical, imaging, ERG and other electrophysiology, EOG and VEP)
a. By condition
b. By signs/symptoms
c. By retinal layer
d. Algorithms
7. Monitoring guides (integrates clinical, imaging, ERG and other electrophysiology, EOG and VEP)
a. By condition
b. By signs/symptoms
c. By retinal layer Algorithms
a. ISCEV Standard (include tricks and pearls for recording)
b. Origin of components
c. What is normal? – and interpretation
d. Clinical applications
e. Case studies
2. Specialised full-field ERGs: (some of the) extended protocols
a. PhNR
i. ISCEV extended protocol (include tricks and pearls for recording)
ii. Origin of components
iii. What is normal? – and interpretation
iv. Diagnostic potential
v. Case studies
b. S-Cone ERG
i. ISCEV extended protocol (include tricks and pearls for recording)
ii. Origin of components
iii. What is normal? – and interpretation
iv. Diagnostic potential
v. Case studies
c. On-Off ERG
i. ISCEV extended protocol (include tricks and pearls for recording)
ii. Origin of components
iii. What is normal? – and interpretation
iv. Diagnostic potential
v. Case studies
3. The Pattern ERG
a. ISCEV Standard (include tricks and pearls for recording)
b. Steady-state PERGs (include tricks and pearls for recording)
c. Origin of components (transient and steady-state)
d. What is normal? – and interpretation
e. Clinical applications
f. Case studies
4. Multifocal ERG (mfERG).
a. ISCEV Standard (include tricks and pearls for recording)
b. Origin of components (transient and steady-state)
c. What is normal?
d. Clinical applications
e. fERG perhaps as a sub-section of the mfERG section?
f. Case studies
5. ERGs as biomarkers in clinical trials
a. Entry points and natural histories
b. Safety
c. Principal outcome measures and end points
6. Diagnostic guides (integrates clinical, imaging, ERG and other electrophysiology, EOG and VEP)
a. By condition
b. By signs/symptoms
c. By retinal layer
d. Algorithms
7. Monitoring guides (integrates clinical, imaging, ERG and other electrophysiology, EOG and VEP)
a. By condition
b. By signs/symptoms
c. By retinal layer Algorithms
Product details
Product details
- Edition: 1
- Latest edition
- Published: November 1, 2026
- Language: English
About the editor
About the editor
BF
Benedetto Falsini
Professor Benedetto Falsini MD, FARVO is an internationally renowned ophthalmologist and Senior Professor at Università Cattolica del S. Cuore in Rome, Italy. He has held postdoctoral positions at Washington University and the University of Pennsylvania. Since returning to Italy in 1998, he has overseen the Hereditary Retinal Degenerations Outpatient Clinic, the Neurophysiology of Vision Laboratory, and the Pediatric Neuroophthalmology Center. Professor Falsini's research focuses on hereditary retinal degenerations, such as Stargardt disease and retinitis pigmentosa, and optic nerve degeneration. He conducted research at the National Eye Institute and is currently a Consultant Research Ophthalmologist at the Macula & Genoma Foundation and Ospedale Pediatrico Bambin Gesu’. Awarded the "Ricerca Finalizzata" grant in 2020, he is an ARVO Silver Fellow and a member of several scientific advisory boards. Professor Falsini has authored over 200 publications in high-impact journals.
Affiliations and expertise
Senior Professor, Università Cattolica del S. Cuore, Rome, Italy