Ultrananocrystalline Diamond

Preface List of ContributorsPART 1: Advances in Synthesis and Processing 1. Stability of Diamond at the Nanoscale 1.1 Introduction: phase stability of carbon 1.2 Nanocarbon phase diagrams 1.3 Structure, stability, and morphology 1.4 Stability in response to external stimuli 1.5 Surface passivation and functionalization 1.6 Impurities, dopants, and functional defects 1.7 Stability of quasi-1D nanocarbon 1.8 Conclusions Acknowledgments References 2. Advances in Plasma Synthesis of UNCD Films 2.1 Introduction and historical development of UNCD films 2.2 UNCD growth: theory, modeling, and diagnostics 2.3 Scaling up the MPACVD process: large-area UNCD synthesis using a floating substrate holder 2.4 Hot-filament CVD UNCD synthesis 2.5 Summary Acknowledgments References 3. Theoretical Studies of UNCD Properties 3.1 Introduction 3.2 Computational methodologies 3.3 Bulk properties of UNCD 3.4 Surface properties: CNT-diamond hybrid nanomaterials 3.5 Concluding remarks Acknowledgment References 4. n-Type Nanocrystalline Diamond Films: Synthesis, Structure, Composition, Properties, and Applications 4.1 Introduction 4.2 n-type (nitrogen) carbon materials 4.3 Synthesis of n-type NCD films 4.4 Structural and compositional analysis of n-type NCD/UNCD 4.5 Physical and chemical properties of n-type NCD/UNCD 4.6 Applications 4.7 Conclusions Acknowledgment References 5. Advances in Synthesis of Nanodiamond Particles 5.1 Introduction 5.2 Brief history of DND discovery 5.3 Types of NDs and methods of ND synthesis 5.4 Conclusion and future outlook Acknowledgment References 6. Deagglomeration of Detonation Nanodiamond 6.1 Introduction 6.2 Why are the agglutinates useful? 6.3 Methods of deagglomeration 6.4 Beads-milling 6.5 Primary particles 6.6 Conclusion Acknowledgments References 7. Diamond Phase Transitions at Nanoscale 7.1 Introduction 7.2 Stability of nanocarbons 7.3 Surface chemistry: stability of surface species 7.4 Kinetics of diamond graphitization 7.5 Mechanism of diamond graphitization 7.6 Catalytic graphitization of NDs in the presence of metal clusters 7.7 Graphitization of NDs in the presence of oxygen- and hydrogen-containing gases 7.8 Properties of ND annealing products: OLC, sp2/sp3 nanocomposites 7.9 Conclusion Acknowledgments ReferencesPART 2: Advances in Nanodiamond Characterization and Property Measurements8. Bonding and Concentration of Hydrogen and Thermal Stability of Nanocrystalline Diamond Films 8.1 Introduction 8.2 The polycrystalline diamond films: brief description of deposition methods and microstructure of the films 8.3 Hydrogen atom concentrations in polycrystalline diamond films as a function of grain size studied by SIMS 8.4 Hydrogen bonding configuration in diamond film bulk studied by Raman spectroscopy 8.5 Hydrogen bonding configuration on diamond film surface studied by HR-EELS 8.6 Bulk and surface thermal stability of UNC diamond films with 10–30 nm grain size 8.7 Computational study 8.8 Summary References 9. Recent Results on Characterization of Detonation Nanodiamonds 9.1 Introduction 9.2 TEM and electron energy-loss spectroscopy 9.3 Near-edge X-ray absorption fine structure spectroscopy 9.4 XRD and small-angle X-ray scattering 9.5 ESR spectroscopy 9.6 Photoluminescence spectroscopy 9.7 Conclusion References 10. Optical and Spin Properties of Nitrogen-Vacancy Color Centers in Diamond Crystals, Nanodiamonds, and Proximity to Surfaces 10.1 Introduction 10.2 Electronic structure and emission properties of the NV center 10.3 NV center interconversion 10.4 Recent progress toward production and understanding of ultra-small NV–NDs 10.5 Diamond matrix size and surface effects on NV color center emission properties 10.6 Conclusion References PART 3: Emerging Applications 11. Nanocarbons in Energy Conversion 11.1 Introduction 11.2 Entropy-of-mixing of charge carriers with quantum states 11.3 Thermoelectric properties of core/shell UNCD/graphene 11.4 Synthesis and properties of nanosilicon carbide core/graphene shell nanoensembles 11.5 Concluding remarks Acknowledgments References 12. Science and Technology of Ultrananocrystalline Diamond (UNCD™) Film-Based MEMS and NEMS Devices and Systems 12.1 Introduction 12.2 Fundamentals of UNCD film synthesis and properties 12.3 MEMS and NEMS devices based on UNCD films 12.4 Future scientific and technological developments based on UNCD films and integration into MEMS/NEMS structures 12.5 Conclusions Acknowledgments References 13. Advances in Surface Chemistry of Nanodiamond and Nanodiamond–Polymer Composites 13.1 Introduction 13.2 Chemical modification of the surface of NDs 13.3 Introduction to polymer nanocomposites 13.4 Mechanical properties of polymer–ND composites 13.5 Thermal properties of polymer–ND composites 13.6 Optical properties of polymer–ND composites 13.7 Electromagnetic shielding of polymer–ND composites 13.8 Other applications for polymer–ND composites 13.9 Future work References 14. Nanodiamond Nanoparticles as Additives to Lubricants 14.1 Introduction 14.2 Formation of ND colloids in oils 14.3 Tribological properties and mechanism of action of ND-related additives in oil and greases 14.4 Conclusion Acknowledgments References 15. Engineering Nanoparticulate Diamond for Applications in Nanomedicine and Biology 15.1 Nanodiamond synthesis and processing techniques 15.2 ND therapeutics 15.3 Future outlook Acknowledgments References 16. Characterization of Detonation Nanodiamonds for Biocompatibility 16.1 Introduction 16.2 Worker, patient, and environmental safety: priorities 16.3 Methods for studying biocompatibility at the cellular and organism levels 16.4 Factors influencing nanoparticle biocompatibility 16.5 Studies of ND biocompatibility 16.6 In vivo considerations for ND biocompatibility 16.7 Future goals for biological assessment of NDs References Index